Ehlers-Danlos syndromes and epilepsy: An updated review.

The Ehlers-Danlos syndromes (EDS) comprise a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of heritable connective tissue disorders (HCTDs), characterised by joint hypermobility, hyperextensibility of the skin and tissue fragility that can induce symptoms from multiple organ systems. The latest EDS nosology distinguished thirteen subtypes with an overlap of phenotypic features, making the clinical diagnosis rather difficult and highlighting the importance of molecular diagnostic confirmation. Although the nervous system is not considered a primary target of the underlying molecular defect, recently, increasing attention has been focused on neurological manifestations of EDS. Among them, epilepsy represents a frequent cause of morbidity in these syndromes and can influence the long-term evolution of these patients, but the mechanisms are needed to be clarified. The aim of this review is to give a comprehensive overview and to analyze a possible association between EDS and epilepsy, focusing on the various brain anomalies and the types of epilepsy reported in patients affected by EDS.