Institute of Basic and Applied Chemistry of the Northeast of Argentina (IQUIBA-NEA), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Faculty of Natural and Exact Sciences and Surveying, National University of the Northeast - UNNE, Av. Libertad 5470, Corrientes 3400, Argentina; Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, R. Prof. Francisco Degni 55, P.O. Box 355, 14800-900 Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
Institute of Basic and Applied Chemistry of the Northeast of Argentina (IQUIBA-NEA), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Faculty of Natural and Exact Sciences and Surveying, National University of the Northeast - UNNE, Av. Libertad 5470, Corrientes 3400, Argentina.
Talanta. 2018 May 15;182:1-21. doi: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.01.058. Epub 2018 Feb 20.
Tetracyclines are widely used for both the treatment and prevention of diseases in animals as well as for the promotion of rapid animal growth and weight gain. This practice may result in trace amounts of these drugs in products of animal origin, such as milk and eggs, posing serious risks to human health. The presence of tetracycline residues in foods can lead to the transmission of antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacteria through the food chain. In order to ensure food safety and avoid exposure to these substances, national and international regulatory agencies have established tolerance levels for authorized veterinary drugs, including tetracycline antimicrobials. In view of that, numerous sensitive and specific methods have been developed for the quantification of these compounds in different food matrices. One will note, however, that the determination of trace residues in foods such as milk and eggs often requires extensive sample extraction and preparation prior to conducting instrumental analysis. Sample pretreatment is usually the most complicated step in the analytical process and covers both cleaning and pre-concentration. Optimal sample preparation can reduce analysis time and sources of error, enhance sensitivity, apart from enabling unequivocal identification, confirmation and quantification of target analytes. The development and implementation of more environmentally friendly analytical procedures, which involve the use of less hazardous solvents and smaller sample sizes compared to traditional methods, is a rapidly increasing trend in analytical chemistry. This review seeks to provide an updated overview of the main trends in sample preparation for the determination of tetracycline residues in foodstuffs. The applicability of several extraction and clean-up techniques employed in the analysis of foodstuffs, especially milk and egg samples, is also thoroughly discussed.
四环素类药物被广泛用于动物疾病的治疗和预防，以及促进动物的快速生长和体重增加。这种做法可能导致这些药物在动物源性产品（如牛奶和鸡蛋）中残留微量，对人类健康构成严重威胁。食物中存在四环素残留会导致通过食物链传播抗生素耐药的病原菌。为了确保食品安全并避免接触这些物质，国家和国际监管机构为包括四环素类抗生素在内的授权兽药制定了允许残留量。鉴于此，已经开发了许多用于不同食品基质中这些化合物定量的灵敏和特异方法。然而，人们会注意到，在牛奶和鸡蛋等食品中痕量残留的测定通常需要在进行仪器分析之前进行广泛的样品提取和制备。样品预处理通常是分析过程中最复杂的步骤，包括清洁和预浓缩。优化的样品制备可以减少分析时间和误差源，提高灵敏度，同时能够明确鉴定、确认和定量目标分析物。与传统方法相比，使用更危险的溶剂和更小的样品量来开发和实施更环保的分析程序，是分析化学中一个迅速增长的趋势。本文综述了用于食品中四环素残留量测定的样品制备的主要趋势，特别讨论了在食品分析中（尤其是在牛奶和鸡蛋样品分析中）使用的几种提取和净化技术的适用性。
