Cognitive dysfunction is common among patients with intracranial tumors. Most cognitive deficits are subtle, lack specificity, may mimic depression or other neurological disorders and may be recognized in retrospect by the physician. In certain cases, distinguishing between tumor recurrence and cognitive deficits that arise as a consequence of the treatment becomes challenging. Late treatment effects have also become an area of focus as the overall survival and prognosis of patients with brain tumors increases. New data has highlighted the importance of less toxic adjuvant therapies owing to their positive impact on prognosis and quality of life. Various experimental therapies and genetic influences on individual sensitivity towards injury are promising steps towards a better management strategy for cognitive dysfunction. In this literature review, we discuss cognitive dysfunction as a manifestation of intracranial tumors, treatment modalities such as radiotherapy, chemotherapy, surgery and their impact on cognition and patients' quality of life. We also discuss management options for cognitive dysfunction and emerging therapies.