Goldstein E B
J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform. 1987 May;13(2):256-66. doi: 10.1037//0096-1523.13.2.256.
Judgments of the spatial layout of a three-dimensional array of pictured dowels remain relatively constant as viewing angle changes, whereas judgments of their orientation relative to the observer (perceived orientation) vary. These changes in perceived orientation as viewing angle changes, called the differential rotation effect (DRE), also occur for stimuli such as the eyes in portraits, which are not extended in pictorial space. Thus, the mechanism for the DRE does not depend on the extension of pictured objects in depth. The DRE is decreased when back-illuminated pictures are viewed in the dark so that the picture plane is not visible. This result suggests that the DRE depends on information that defines a pictured object's direction relative to the picture plane. The difference in the way spatial layout and perceived orientation are affected by changes in viewing angle suggests that it is important to distinguish between these two attributes of pictures. In addition, another attribute, the picture's projection, should be distinguished from spatial layout and perceived orientation. When these distinctions are not made, the result is confusion, particularly when discussing whether or not pictures viewed at an angle appear distorted.
当观察角度改变时，对图片中三维排列的定位销空间布局的判断相对保持不变，而其相对于观察者的方向判断（感知方向）则会变化。这种随着观察角度变化而产生的感知方向变化，称为差异旋转效应（DRE），对于诸如肖像画中的眼睛等在图像空间中没有延伸的刺激也会出现。因此，DRE的机制并不取决于图片对象在深度上的延伸。当在黑暗中观看逆光照明的图片以至于图片平面不可见时，DRE会降低。这一结果表明，DRE取决于定义图片对象相对于图片平面方向的信息。空间布局和感知方向受观察角度变化影响的方式差异表明，区分图片的这两个属性很重要。此外，另一个属性，即图片的投影，应与空间布局和感知方向区分开来。如果不进行这些区分，结果就会造成混淆，尤其是在讨论以一定角度观看的图片是否看起来变形时。
