Cutting J E
Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-7601.
J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform. 1988 May;14(2):305-11. doi: 10.1037//0096-1523.14.2.305.
Goldstein (1987) studied the perception of pictures seen from the front and the side. Several distinctions arose from his results and analysis, but only one is central to the reanalysis presented here: The perceived orientation of objects within a picture with respect to the external world is a function of viewer position in front of the picture. For example, the eyes of a portrait subject appear to follow an observer who moves around a gallery. Viewed from many positions, such objects can be said to rotate, following a mobile viewer. Goldstein called this the differential rotation effect because those objects that point directly out of the picture (at 90 degrees) rotate most; those pointing at other angles rotate in decreasing amounts. Goldstein offered no theoretical model and little in the way of explanation for this effect. This Observation offers a model based on the affine geometry and the analyses of La Gournerie (1859). This analysis transforms pictorial space (the space behind a photograph or representational picture) by shears, compressions, and dilations according to the viewpoint of the observer in relation to the composition point of the picture. These effects account for Goldstein's differential rotation effect quite well.
戈尔茨坦（1987年）研究了从正面和侧面看到的图片的感知。从他的研究结果和分析中产生了几个区别，但这里重新分析的核心只有一个：图片中物体相对于外部世界的感知方向是观看者在图片前位置的函数。例如，肖像主体的眼睛似乎会跟随在画廊中走动的观察者。从许多位置观看时，这样的物体可以说是随着移动的观看者旋转。戈尔茨坦称这种现象为差异旋转效应，因为那些直接指向画面外（90度）的物体旋转最多；指向其他角度的物体旋转量逐渐减少。戈尔茨坦没有提供理论模型，对这种效应的解释也很少。本观察提供了一个基于仿射几何和拉古尔内里（1859年）分析的模型。这种分析根据观察者相对于图片构图点的视角，通过剪切、压缩和拉伸来变换图像空间（照片或具象图片后面的空间）。这些效应很好地解释了戈尔茨坦的差异旋转效应。
