Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Sbarro Health Research Organization, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Cell Death Dis. 2018 Mar 14;9(3):400. doi: 10.1038/s41419-018-0430-3.
Images in scientific papers are used to support the experimental description and the discussion of the findings since several centuries. In the field of biomedical sciences, in particular, the use of images to depict laboratory results is widely diffused, at such a level that one would not err in saying that there is barely any experimental paper devoid of images to document the attained results. With the advent of software for digital image manipulation, however, even photographic reproductions of experimental results may be easily altered by researchers, leading to an increasingly high rate of scientific papers containing unreliable images. In this paper I introduce a software pipeline to detect some of the most diffuse misbehaviours, running two independent tests on a random set of papers and on the full publishing record of a single journal. The results obtained by these two tests support the feasibility of the software approach and imply an alarming level of image manipulation in the published record.
几十年来，科学论文中的图像一直被用于支持实验描述和研究结果的讨论。特别是在生物医学科学领域，使用图像来描述实验室结果的做法已经非常普及，以至于可以毫不夸张地说，几乎没有任何一篇实验论文不使用图像来记录所获得的结果。然而，随着数字图像处理软件的出现，即使是实验结果的摄影复制品也很容易被研究人员修改，这导致含有不可靠图像的科学论文的比例越来越高。在本文中，我介绍了一种软件流程，可以检测到一些最常见的不当行为，对一组随机论文和单个期刊的全部出版记录分别进行了两次独立测试。这两个测试的结果支持了软件方法的可行性，并暗示了已发表记录中存在令人震惊的图像操纵水平。
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