S. Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical University, Astana, Kazakhstan.
Republican state enterprise "National veterinary reference center", Committee for Veterinary control and supervision of the Ministry of agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Astana, Kazakhstan.
Transbound Emerg Dis. 2018 Oct;65(5):1235-1245. doi: 10.1111/tbed.12864. Epub 2018 Mar 15.
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) poses a significant obstacle to international trade and economic development, and for that reason, FMD prevention, control and eradication are major goals guiding animal health policy in most countries. The purpose of this study was to conduct a retrospective spatiotemporal analysis of FMD outbreaks among livestock in the Republic of Kazakhstan (RK) from 1955 to 2013. During that time, several FMD control strategies were implemented in RK, which culminated with the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) recognition of RK as a country that is FMD-free with partial vaccination (2015). Here, we describe and analyse the changes in spatial and temporal dynamics of FMD under different control strategies that were utilized as the country progressively moved towards eradication of the disease. A total number of 5,260 FMD outbreaks of serotype O and A (including the A lineage) were recorded in the cattle, pig and small ruminant populations of RK during that period. We found that outbreaks occurred in spatiotemporal clusters only prior to 1970, which is before ring vaccination around outbreaks was first employed. This finding suggests that ring vaccination substantially reduced local spread and prevented large FMD epidemics in the country. Disease incidence steadily decreased after the implementation of ring vaccination and culling of infected animals, with spatiotemporal clusters only occurring as a result of an introduction of an antigenically distinct variant of serotype A. From 1955 to 1984, FMD outbreaks demonstrated two seasonal peaks of incidence in the spring and fall. In contrast, only the peak in spring was observed between 1984 and 2013. Quantitative knowledge on how different policy and alternative control strategies contributed to RK achieving FMD-free status could improve prospects for continued control in RK and inform control strategies in other FMD-endemic regions.
口蹄疫（FMD）对国际贸易和经济发展构成重大障碍，因此，预防、控制和根除口蹄疫是大多数国家动物健康政策的主要目标。本研究旨在对 1955 年至 2013 年哈萨克斯坦共和国（RK）家畜口蹄疫暴发进行回顾性时空分析。在此期间，RK 实施了几种口蹄疫控制策略，最终世界动物卫生组织（OIE）承认 RK 为部分疫苗接种无口蹄疫区（2015 年）。在这里，我们描述和分析了在国家逐步消除该病的过程中，不同控制策略下 FMD 的时空动态变化。在此期间，RK 的牛、猪和小反刍动物群体共记录了 5260 起 O 型和 A 型（包括 A 谱系）口蹄疫暴发。我们发现，只有在 1970 年之前，即在首次采用围绕暴发进行环状疫苗接种之前，暴发才发生在时空集群中。这一发现表明，环状疫苗接种大大减少了疾病的局部传播，并防止了该病在该国的大流行。实施环状疫苗接种和扑杀感染动物后，疾病发病率稳步下降，仅因引入具有不同抗原性的 A 型变体而发生时空集群。1955 年至 1984 年，口蹄疫暴发在春季和秋季有两个发病高峰。相比之下，1984 年至 2013 年之间仅观察到春季高峰。了解不同政策和替代控制策略对口蹄疫无疫区状态的贡献程度，可以提高 RK 持续控制的前景，并为其他口蹄疫流行地区的控制策略提供信息。
