Regan Sheena L P, Knight Phil G, Yovich John L, Leung Yee, Arfuso Frank, Dharmarajan Arun
Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.
School of Biological Sciences, Hopkins Building, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom.
Vitam Horm. 2018;107:227-261. doi: 10.1016/bs.vh.2018.01.015. Epub 2018 Mar 8.
Primordial germ cells migrate to the fetal gonads and proliferate during gestation to generate a fixed complement of primordial follicles, the so-called ovarian reserve. Primordial follicles comprise an oocyte arrested at the diplotene stage of meiosis, surrounded by a layer of pregranulosa cells. Activation of primordial follicles to grow beyond this arrested stage is of particular interest because, once activated, they are subjected to regulatory mechanisms involved in growth, selection, maturation, and ultimately, ovulation or atresia. The vast majority of follicles succumb to atresia and are permanently lost from the quiescent or growing pool of follicles. The bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), together with other intraovarian growth factors, are intimately involved in regulation of follicle recruitment, dominant follicle selection, ovulation, and atresia. Activation of primordial follicles appears to be a continuous process, and the number of small antral follicles at the beginning of the menstrual cycle provides an indirect indication of ovarian reserve. Continued antral follicle development during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle is driven by follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in conjunction with many intraovarian growth factors and inhibitors interrelated in a complex web of regulatory balance. The BMP signaling system has a major intraovarian role in many species, including the human, in the generation of transcription factors that influence proliferation, steroidogenesis, cell differentiation, and maturation prior to ovulation, as well as formation of corpora lutea after ovulation. At the anterior pituitary level, BMPs also contribute to the regulation of gonadotrophin production.
原始生殖细胞迁移至胎儿性腺，并在妊娠期增殖，以产生固定数量的原始卵泡，即所谓的卵巢储备。原始卵泡由处于减数分裂双线期的卵母细胞组成，周围环绕着一层前颗粒细胞。原始卵泡激活后生长至停滞阶段之外的过程备受关注，因为一旦被激活，它们就会受到参与生长、选择、成熟以及最终排卵或闭锁的调节机制的影响。绝大多数卵泡会闭锁，并从静止或生长的卵泡池中永久消失。骨形态发生蛋白（BMPs）与其他卵巢内生长因子一起，密切参与卵泡募集、优势卵泡选择、排卵和闭锁的调节。原始卵泡的激活似乎是一个持续的过程，月经周期开始时小窦状卵泡的数量间接反映了卵巢储备。月经周期卵泡期窦状卵泡的持续发育由促卵泡激素（FSH）和黄体生成素（LH）驱动，同时还有许多卵巢内生长因子和抑制剂，它们在复杂的调节平衡网络中相互关联。BMP信号系统在包括人类在内的许多物种的卵巢中发挥着重要作用，参与生成影响排卵前增殖、类固醇生成、细胞分化和成熟的转录因子，以及排卵后黄体的形成。在垂体前叶水平，BMPs也参与促性腺激素分泌的调节。
