CREAGEN, Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center, Section of Public Health - Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 287 Via Campi, 41125 Modena, Italy.
Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Italy.
J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2018 Dec;50:508-517. doi: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2018.03.001. Epub 2018 Mar 8.
This study provides the dietary intakes of six trace elements (cadmium, chromium, copper, manganese, selenium and zinc), generally characterized by both nutritional and toxicological features depending on their exposure. Being diet the most relevant source of exposure to trace elements in non-professionally exposed subjects, we measured content of these trace elements in foods composing the typical Italian diet using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, and assessing dietary habits using a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire we eventually estimated dietary daily intake of trace elements in a Northern Italian community. In the 890 analyzed food samples, the main contributors to cadmium intake are cereals, vegetables and sweets, while cereals, beverages and vegetable are to primary source of manganese. The primary contributors for copper are cereals, fresh fruits and vegetables, while for chromium are beverages, cereals and meat. The main source of selenium intake are cereals and meat, followed by fish, seafood and milk and dairy products, while of zinc intake are meat, cereals, milk and dairy products. In our Italian population sample, the estimated median (interquartile range) dietary daily intakes are 5.00 (3.17-7.65), 56.70 (36.08-86.70) and 66.53 (40.04-101.32) μg/day for cadmium, chromium and selenium, and corresponding figures are 0.98 (0.61-1.49), 2.34 (1.46-3.52) and 8.50 (5.21-12.48) mg/day for copper, manganese and zinc. The estimated intakes are generally within the average intake reported in other European populations, and in such cases well above the daily dietary intakes recommended by national international agencies, avoiding the risk of excess or deficiency. The present estimated intake data can be used to examine a specific trace element of interest and would afford enhanced health protection from those trace elements characterized by both nutritional and toxicological effects.
本研究提供了六种微量元素（镉、铬、铜、锰、硒和锌）的膳食摄入量，这些元素通常具有营养和毒理学特征，具体取决于其暴露情况。由于饮食是非职业暴露人群接触微量元素的最主要来源，我们使用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测量了构成典型意大利饮食的食物中这些微量元素的含量，并使用经过验证的半定量食物频率问卷评估了饮食习惯，最终估计了意大利北部一个社区的微量元素的日常膳食摄入量。在分析的 890 种食物样本中，镉摄入量的主要来源是谷物、蔬菜和甜食，而锰的主要来源是谷物、饮料和蔬菜。铜的主要来源是谷物、新鲜水果和蔬菜，而铬的主要来源是饮料、谷物和肉类。硒摄入量的主要来源是谷物和肉类，其次是鱼类、海鲜和牛奶及奶制品，锌摄入量的主要来源是肉类、谷物、牛奶和奶制品。在我们的意大利人群样本中，估计的中位数（四分位距）每日膳食摄入量分别为 5.00（3.17-7.65）、56.70（36.08-86.70）和 66.53（40.04-101.32）μg/天的镉、铬和硒，以及相应的 0.98（0.61-1.49）、2.34（1.46-3.52）和 8.50（5.21-12.48）mg/天的铜、锰和锌。估计的摄入量通常在其他欧洲人群报告的平均摄入量范围内，在这种情况下，远远高于国家和国际机构推荐的每日膳食摄入量，从而避免了过量或不足的风险。目前的估计摄入量数据可用于检查特定的感兴趣的微量元素，并为具有营养和毒理学效应的微量元素提供增强的健康保护。
