State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
SOA Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai, 200136, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
Environ Pollut. 2018 Jul;238:168-176. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.03.018. Epub 2018 Mar 20.
The bioaccumulative, persistent and toxic properties of long-chain perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) resulted in strict regulations on PFAAs, especially in developed countries. Consequently, the industry manufacturing of PFAAs shifts from long-chain to short-chain. In order to better understand the pollution situation of PFAAs in marine environment under this new circumstance, the occurrence of 17 linear PFAAs was investigated in 30 surface seawater samples from the North Pacific to Arctic Ocean (123°E to 24°W, 32 to 82°N) during the sixth Chinese Arctic Expedition in 2014. Total concentrations of PFAAs (∑PFAAs) were between 346.9 pg per liter (pg/L) to 3045.3 pg/L. The average concentrations of ∑PFAAs decreased in the order of East China Sea (2791.4 pg/L, n = 2), Sea of Japan (East Sea) (832.8 pg/L, n = 6), Arctic Ocean (516.9 pg/L, n = 7), Chukchi Sea (505.2 pg/L, n = 4), Bering Sea (501.2 pg/L, n = 8) and Sea of Okhotsk (417.7 pg/L, n = 3). C4 to C9 perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) were detected in more than 80% of the surface water samples. Perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) was the most prevalent compound and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was the second abundant homolog. The concentration of individual PFAAs in the surface seawater of East China Sea was much higher than other sampling seas. As the spatial distribution of PFAAs in the marine environment was mainly influenced by the river inflow from the basin countries, which proved the large input from China. Furthermore, the marginal seas of China were found with the greatest burden of PFOA comparing the pollution level in surface seawater worldwide. PFBA concentration in the surrounding seas of China was also high, but distributed more evenly with an obvious increase in recent years. This large-scale monitoring survey will help the improvement and development of PFAAs regulations and management, where production shift should be taken into consideration.
长链全氟烷基酸（PFAAs）具有生物累积性、持久性和毒性，因此对 PFAAs 实施了严格的法规限制，尤其是在发达国家。由此，全氟烷基酸的工业生产从长链转向短链。为了更好地了解在这种新情况下海洋环境中 PFAAs 的污染状况，于 2014 年中国第六次北极考察期间在北太平洋至北冰洋（123°E 至 24°W，32°至 82°N）采集了 30 个表层海水样品，调查了 17 种线性 PFAAs 的存在情况。PFAAs 的总量（∑PFAAs）浓度范围为 346.9 pg/L 至 3045.3 pg/L。∑PFAAs 的平均浓度按东海（2791.4 pg/L，n=2）、日本海（东海）（832.8 pg/L，n=6）、北冰洋（516.9 pg/L，n=7）、楚科奇海（505.2 pg/L，n=4）、白令海（501.2 pg/L，n=8）和鄂霍次克海（417.7 pg/L，n=3）的顺序依次降低。在超过 80%的表层水样中检测到了 C4 到 C9 全氟烷酸（PFCAs）。全氟丁烷酸（PFBA）是最普遍的化合物，全氟辛酸（PFOA）是第二丰富的同系物。东海表层海水中各 PFAAs 的浓度明显高于其他海域。由于海洋环境中 PFAAs 的空间分布主要受流域国家河流输入的影响，这证明了中国的大量输入。此外，与全球表层海水的污染水平相比，中国的边缘海发现了 PFOA 的最大负担。中国周边海域的 PFBA 浓度也很高，但分布更均匀，近年来明显增加。这项大规模监测调查将有助于改进和制定 PFAAs 法规和管理，其中应考虑生产转移。
