Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2017 Dec;31(6):637-642. doi: 10.1016/j.bpg.2017.10.001. Epub 2017 Oct 13.
The discovery of Akkermansia muciniphila has opened new avenues for the use of this abundant intestinal symbiont in next generation therapeutic products, as well as targeting microbiota dynamics. A. muciniphila is known to colonize the mucosal layer of the human intestine where it triggers both host metabolic and immune responses. A. muciniphila is particularly effective in increasing mucus thickness and increasing gut barrier function. As a result host metabolic markers ameliorate. The mechanism of host regulation is thought to involve the outer membrane composition, including the type IV pili of A. muciniphila, that directly signal to host immune receptors. At the same time the metabolic activity of A. muciniphila leads to the production of short chain fatty acids that are beneficial to the host and microbiota members. This contributes to host-microbiota and microbe-microbe syntrophy The mucolytic activity and metabolite production make A. muciniphila a key species in the mucus layer, stimulating beneficial mucosal microbial networks. This well studied member of the microbiota has been studied in three aspects that will be further described in this review: i) A. muciniphila characteristics and mucin adaptation, ii) its role as key species in the mucosal microbiome, and iii) its role in host health.
阿克曼氏菌的发现为利用这种丰富的肠道共生菌开发下一代治疗产品开辟了新途径，同时也为靶向微生物群落动力学提供了新途径。已知阿克曼氏菌定植于人类肠道的黏膜层，在该处触发宿主代谢和免疫反应。阿克曼氏菌特别有效地增加黏液厚度并增强肠道屏障功能。因此，宿主代谢标志物得到改善。宿主调节的机制被认为涉及包括阿克曼氏菌的 IV 型菌毛在内的外膜组成，这些菌毛直接向宿主免疫受体发出信号。与此同时，阿克曼氏菌的代谢活性导致产生短链脂肪酸，这些短链脂肪酸对宿主和微生物群成员有益。这有助于宿主-微生物群和微生物-微生物共生。溶粘液活性和代谢产物使阿克曼氏菌成为黏液层中的关键物种，刺激有益的黏膜微生物网络。这种经过充分研究的微生物群成员在三个方面进行了研究，本文将进一步描述：i）阿克曼氏菌的特征和黏蛋白适应，ii）其作为黏膜微生物组关键物种的作用，以及 iii）其在宿主健康中的作用。
