Hypertonic saline regulates microglial M2 polarization via miR-200b/KLF4 in cerebral edema treatment.

BACKGROUND

Hypertonic saline (HS) has been used clinically for treatment of cerebral edema for decades. Previously we have demonstrated that HS alleviates cerebral edema via regulating water/ion channel protein and attenuating neuroinflammation. However, whether HS treatment triggers microglia polarization and its regulatory mechanism during this process is unclear.

METHODS AND RESULTS

The Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats that underwent right-sided middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) were used for assessment of neuroinflammation and microglia functions. Treatment of 10% HS not only significantly reduced infarct size and ipsilateral ischemic hemispheric brain water content (BWC) via attenuating ischemia-induction of TNF-α, IL-1β, microglia M1 markers (iNOS, CD86) and miR-200b, but also increased neurotrophic factors such as IL-10 and IL-4, microglia M2 markers (Arg1, CD206) and Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4). Similar changes were confirmed in primary microglial cells subjected to hypoxia with/without HS in vitro. Importantly, overexpression of miR-200b was able to induce microglia M1 polarization via directly targeting KLF4. Restoring KLF4 expression abolished this effect. On the contrary, miR-200b inhibitor or KLF4 overexpression led to microglia M2 polarization. Mechanistically, KLF4 directly binds to promoter region of Agr1, thus inducing its transcription. Similar to treatment of HS, experimental overexpression of KLF4 in vivo exerted significant beneficial effects on ischemia-induced cerebral edema. However, knockdown of KLF4 abrogated the benefits of HS.

CONCLUSIONS

Hypertonic saline regulates microglial M2 polarization via miR-200b/KLF4 during its treatment of cerebral edema. This study may provide new insights of HS-related therapy for cerebral edema.