Alignments of endocrine, anthropometric, and metabolic parameters in type 2 diabetes after intervention with an Okinawa-based Nordic diet.

BACKGROUND

An Okinawa-based Nordic diet with moderately low carbohydrate content and high fat and protein content has been shown to improve anthropometry and metabolism in type 2 diabetes.

OBJECTIVE

The objectives of this study were to measure plasma or serum levels of hormones regulating energy metabolism and metabolic control, that is, cholecystokinin (CCK), Cortisol, C-peptide, ghrelin, glucagon, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), insulin, leptin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), polypeptide YY (PYY), resistin, and visfatin after this diet intervention, and to determine partial correlations between hormonal levels and anthropometric and metabolic responses.

DESIGN

A total of 30 patients (17 women) with type 2 diabetes, mean age 57.5 ± 8.2 years, and body mass index (BMI) 29.9 ± 4.1 kg/m were served the diet for 12 weeks. Fasting hormones were measured by Luminex and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) before study start and after 12 and 28 weeks, along with anthropometric and metabolic parameters.

RESULT

The levels of CCK ( = 0.005), cortisol ( = 0.015), C-peptide ( = 0.022), glucagon ( = 0.003), GLP-1 ( = 0.013), GIP ( < 0.001), insulin ( = 0.004), leptin ( < 0.001), and PYY ( < 0.001) were lowered after dietary intervention. These reduced levels only remained for PYY at week 28 ( = 0.002), when also ghrelin ( = 0.012) and visfatin ( = 0.021) levels were reduced. Changes of glucose values correlated with changed levels of C-peptide and PYY ( < 0.001), insulin ( 0.002), and PAI-1 ( = 0.009); changes of triglyceride values with changed levels of C-peptide, insulin, and PYY ( < 0.001) and PAI-1 ( = 0.005); changes of insulin resistance with changes of leptin levels ( = 0.003); and changes of BMI values with changed levels of C-peptide, insulin, and leptin ( < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Okinawa-based Nordic diet in type 2 diabetes has significant impact on the endocrine profile, which correlates with anthropometric and metabolic improvements.