Université de Lyon-ANSES, Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes, Lyon, France.
Microbiol Spectr. 2018 Mar;6(2). doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.ARBA-0008-2017.
The genus includes Gram-positive organisms shaped in cocci and organized in chains. They are commensals, pathogens, and opportunistic pathogens for humans and animals. Most species of veterinary relevance have a specific ecological niche, such as , which is almost exclusively an environmental pathogen causing bovine mastitis. In contrast, can be considered as a true zoonotic pathogen, causing specific diseases in humans after contact with infected animals or derived food products. Finally, species such as can be sporadically zoonotic, even though they are pathogens of both humans and animals independently. For clarification, a short taxonomical overview will be given here to highlight the diversity of streptococci that infect animals. Several families of antibiotics are used to treat animals for streptococcal infections. First-line treatments are penicillins (alone or in combination with aminoglycosides), macrolides and lincosamides, fluoroquinolones, and tetracyclines. Because of the selecting role of antibiotics, resistance phenotypes have been reported in streptococci isolated from animals worldwide. Globally, the dynamic of resistance acquisition in streptococci is slower than what is experienced in , probably due to the much more limited horizontal spread of resistance genes. Nonetheless, transposons or integrative and conjugative elements can disseminate resistance determinants among streptococci. Besides providing key elements on the prevalence of resistance in streptococci from animals, this article will also largely consider the mechanisms and molecular epidemiology of the major types of resistance to antimicrobials encountered in the most important streptococcal species in veterinary medicine.
该属包括革兰氏阳性球菌，呈链状排列。它们是人和动物的共生菌、病原体和机会性病原体。大多数具有兽医相关性的 物种都有特定的生态位，例如 ，它几乎是一种专性环境病原体，引起牛乳腺炎。相比之下， 可以被认为是一种真正的人畜共患病原体，在接触感染动物或衍生食品后会导致人类特定疾病。最后， 等物种可能偶尔会发生人畜共患，尽管它们是独立感染人和动物的病原体。为了澄清起见，这里将简要概述分类学，以突出感染动物的链球菌的多样性。有几种抗生素家族用于治疗动物的链球菌感染。一线治疗药物是青霉素（单独使用或与氨基糖苷类药物联合使用）、大环内酯类和林可酰胺类、氟喹诺酮类和四环素类。由于抗生素的选择作用，已在全球范围内从动物分离的链球菌中报告了耐药表型。在全球范围内，链球菌获得耐药性的动态比在 中慢，这可能是由于耐药基因的水平传播要有限得多。尽管如此，转座子或整合和共轭元件可以在链球菌之间传播耐药决定因素。除了提供有关动物来源链球菌耐药性流行的关键因素外，本文还将主要考虑兽医医学中最重要的链球菌物种中遇到的主要类型的抗生素耐药性的机制和分子流行病学。
