Al-Obaide Mohammed A I, Ibrahim Buthainah A, Al-Humaish Saif, Abdel-Salam Abdel-Salam G
Department of Biomedical Science, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Amarillo, TX, United States.
Department of Physics, Diyala University, Baquba, Iraq.
Front Public Health. 2018 Mar 20;6:84. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2018.00084. eCollection 2018.
Cancer is a significant health problem in the Middle East and global population. It is well established that there is a direct link between tobacco smoking and cancer, which will continue to pose a significant threat to human health. The impact of long-term exposure to tobacco smoke on the risk of cancer encouraged the study of biomarkers for vulnerable individuals to tobacco smoking, especially children, who are more susceptible than adults to the action of environmental carcinogens. The carcinogens in tobacco smoke condensate induce DNA damage and play a significant role in determining the health and well-being of smokers, non-smoker, and primarily children. Cancer is a result of genomic and epigenomic malfunctions that lead to an initial premalignant condition. Although premalignancy genetic cascade is a much-delayed process, it will end with adverse health consequences. In addition to the DNA damage and mutations, tobacco smoke can cause changes in the DNA methylation and gene expression associated with cancer. The genetic events hint on the possible use of genomic-epigenomic changes in genes related to cancer, in predicting cancer risks associated with exposure to tobacco smoking. Bioinformatics provides indispensable tools to identify the cascade of expressed genes in active smokers and non-smokers and could assist the development of a framework to manage this cascade of events linked with the evolvement of disease including cancer. The aim of this mini review is to cognize the essential genomic processes and health risks associated with tobacco smoking and the implications of bioinformatics in cancer prediction, prevention, and intervention.
癌症是中东地区和全球人口面临的一个重大健康问题。吸烟与癌症之间存在直接联系，这一点已得到充分证实，而吸烟将继续对人类健康构成重大威胁。长期接触烟草烟雾对癌症风险的影响促使人们研究针对易受吸烟影响的个体，尤其是儿童的生物标志物，儿童比成年人更容易受到环境致癌物的影响。烟草烟雾冷凝物中的致癌物会导致DNA损伤，并在决定吸烟者、非吸烟者尤其是儿童的健康和幸福方面发挥重要作用。癌症是基因组和表观基因组功能失调导致初步癌前病变的结果。尽管癌前遗传级联反应是一个非常缓慢的过程，但最终会导致不良健康后果。除了DNA损伤和突变外，烟草烟雾还会导致与癌症相关的DNA甲基化和基因表达发生变化。这些遗传事件提示，与癌症相关的基因中基因组-表观基因组变化可能用于预测与吸烟相关的癌症风险。生物信息学提供了不可或缺的工具，用于识别吸烟者和非吸烟者中表达基因的级联反应，并有助于建立一个框架来管理与包括癌症在内的疾病演变相关的这一级联事件。本综述的目的是认识与吸烟相关的基本基因组过程和健康风险，以及生物信息学在癌症预测、预防和干预中的意义。
