Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Semin Immunopathol. 2018 Sep;40(5):439-452. doi: 10.1007/s00281-018-0681-1. Epub 2018 Apr 3.
Innate immune cells are recognized for their rapid and critical contribution to the body's first line of defense against invading pathogens and harmful agents. These actions can be further amplified by specific adaptive immune responses adapted to the activating stimulus. Recently, the awareness has grown that virtually all innate immune cells, i.e., mast cells, neutrophils, macrophages, eosinophils, basophils, and NK cells, are able to communicate with dendritic cells (DCs) and/or T and B cells, and thereby significantly contribute to the orchestration of adaptive immune responses. The means of communication that are thus far primarily associated with this function are cell-cell contacts and the release of a broad range of soluble mediators. Moreover, the possible contribution of innate immune cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) to the modulation of adaptive immunity will be outlined in this review. EVs are submicron particles composed of a lipid bilayer, proteins, and nucleic acids released by cells in a regulated fashion. EVs are involved in intercellular communication between multiple cell types, including those of the immune system. A good understanding of the mechanisms by which innate immune cell-derived EVs influence adaptive immune responses, or vice versa, may reveal novel insights in the regulation of the immune system and can open up new possibilities for EVs (or their components) in controlling immune responses, either as a therapy, target, or as an adjuvant in future immune modulating treatments.
天然免疫细胞因其对机体抵御入侵病原体和有害因子的第一道防线的快速和关键贡献而被认可。这些作用可以通过适应激活刺激的特定适应性免疫反应进一步放大。最近，人们越来越意识到，几乎所有的天然免疫细胞，即肥大细胞、中性粒细胞、巨噬细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞、嗜碱性粒细胞和自然杀伤细胞，都能够与树突状细胞（DCs）和/或 T 细胞和 B 细胞进行通信，并因此显著有助于适应性免疫反应的协调。迄今为止，与这种功能主要相关的通讯方式是细胞-细胞接触和广泛释放可溶性介质。此外，本文将概述天然免疫细胞来源的细胞外囊泡（EVs）对适应性免疫的可能调节作用。EVs 是由细胞以受调控的方式释放的由脂质双层、蛋白质和核酸组成的亚微米颗粒。EVs 参与多种细胞类型（包括免疫系统细胞）之间的细胞间通讯。深入了解天然免疫细胞来源的 EVs 影响适应性免疫反应的机制，或者反之亦然，可能会揭示免疫系统调节的新见解，并为 EVs（或其成分）在控制免疫反应方面开辟新的可能性，无论是作为治疗、靶标，还是作为未来免疫调节治疗中的佐剂。
