de Lima E Silva Cláudia, Mariette Justine, Verweij Rudo A, van Gestel Cornelis A M
Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands.
Ecotoxicology. 2018 Sep;27(7):764-771. doi: 10.1007/s10646-018-1922-8. Epub 2018 Apr 3.
In the field, long-term exposure is a rule rather than an exception. As a consequence, the relatively short-term standard toxicity tests may not be adequate for assessing long-term effects of pesticide exposure. This study determined the toxicity of the neonicotinoid thiamethoxam, both pure and in the formulation Actara® (25% active substance), to the springtail Folsomia candida, over three generations (P, F1 and F2). For the parental generation (P), the toxicity of pure thiamethoxam and Actara® did not differ significantly, with LCs and ECs of 0.32-0.35 and 0.23-0.25 mg a.s./kg dry soil, respectively. For the F1 and F2 generations, LCs were >0.37 mg a.s./kg dry soil for both compounds. Actara was more toxic towards reproduction in the F1 generation (EC 0.16 mg a.s./kg dry soil) than pure thiamethoxam (EC 0.23 mg a.s./kg dry soil). For generation F2, there was no significant difference in the toxicity of the compounds towards reproduction, with ECs of >0.37 and 0.30 mg a.s./kg dry soil for Actara® and pure thiamethoxam respectively. These results suggest a slight decrease in the toxicity of the compounds throughout the generations tested. The similarity in the toxicity of pure and formulated thiamethoxam indicates that the ingredients in the formulation Actara® do not enhance toxicity.
在田间，长期接触是常态而非例外。因此，相对短期的标准毒性试验可能不足以评估农药接触的长期影响。本研究测定了新烟碱类噻虫嗪纯品及其制剂阿克泰（活性成分含量25%）对跳虫（Folsomia candida）三代（亲代P、子一代F1和子二代F2）的毒性。对于亲代（P），纯噻虫嗪和阿克泰的毒性无显著差异，其LC50和EC50分别为0.32 - 0.35和0.23 - 0.25毫克有效成分/千克干土。对于F1和F2代，两种化合物的LC50均>0.37毫克有效成分/千克干土。阿克泰对F1代繁殖的毒性（EC50为0.16毫克有效成分/千克干土）高于纯噻虫嗪（EC50为0.23毫克有效成分/千克干土）。对于F2代，两种化合物对繁殖的毒性无显著差异，阿克泰和纯噻虫嗪的EC50分别>0.37和0.30毫克有效成分/千克干土。这些结果表明，在所测试的几代中，化合物的毒性略有下降。纯噻虫嗪和制剂噻虫嗪毒性的相似性表明，阿克泰制剂中的成分不会增强毒性。
