Flores-Ferrer Alheli, Marcou Olivier, Waleckx Etienne, Dumonteil Eric, Gourbière Sébastien
UMR 228, ESPACE-DEV-IMAGES, 'Institut de Modélisation et d'Analyses en Géo-Environnement et Santé'Université de Perpignan Via Domitia Perpignan France.
UMR 5096 'Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes' Université de Perpignan Via Domitia Perpignan France.
Evol Appl. 2017 Dec 25;11(4):470-487. doi: 10.1111/eva.12582. eCollection 2018 Apr.
The aetiological agent of Chagas disease, , is a key human pathogen afflicting most populations of Latin America. This vectorborne parasite is transmitted by haematophageous triatomines, whose control by large-scale insecticide spraying has been the main strategy to limit the impact of the disease for over 25 years. While those international initiatives have been successful in highly endemic areas, this systematic approach is now challenged by the emergence of insecticide resistance and by its low efficacy in controlling species that are only partially adapted to human habitat. In this contribution, we review evidences that Chagas disease control shall now be entering a second stage that will rely on a better understanding of triatomines adaptive potential, which requires promoting microevolutionary studies and -omic approaches. Concomitantly, we show that our knowledge of the determinants of the evolution of high diversity and low virulence remains too limiting to design evolution-proof strategies, while such attributes may be part of the future of Chagas disease control after the 2020 WHO's target of regional elimination of intradomiciliary transmission has been reached. We should then aim at developing a theory of virulence evolution that we anticipate to provide an interesting enrichment of the general theory according to the specificities of transmission of this very generalist stercorarian trypanosome. We stress that many ecological data required to better understand selective pressures acting on vector and parasite populations are already available as they have been meticulously accumulated in the last century of field research. Although more specific information will surely be needed, an effective research strategy would be to integrate data into the conceptual and theoretical framework of evolutionary ecology and life-history evolution that provide the quantitative backgrounds necessary to understand and possibly anticipate adaptive responses to public health interventions.
恰加斯病的病原体克氏锥虫是困扰拉丁美洲大多数人口的一种关键人类病原体。这种通过媒介传播的寄生虫由吸血的锥蝽传播，在过去25年多的时间里，通过大规模喷洒杀虫剂来控制锥蝽一直是限制该疾病影响的主要策略。虽然这些国际举措在高流行地区取得了成功，但这种系统性方法现在正受到杀虫剂抗性的出现以及在控制仅部分适应人类栖息地的物种方面效果不佳的挑战。在本论文中，我们回顾了相关证据，表明恰加斯病的控制现在应进入第二阶段，这将依赖于对锥蝽适应潜力的更好理解，而这需要推动微观进化研究和组学方法。与此同时，我们表明，我们对克氏锥虫高多样性和低毒力进化决定因素的了解仍然非常有限，无法设计出防进化的策略，而在2020年世界卫生组织实现区域消除家庭内传播的目标之后，这些特性可能成为恰加斯病控制未来的一部分。我们应该致力于发展一种毒力进化理论，预计这将根据这种广泛传播的粪源性锥虫传播的特殊性，为一般理论提供有趣的补充。我们强调，为了更好地理解作用于媒介和寄生虫种群的选择压力而所需的许多生态数据已经存在，因为它们是在过去一个世纪的实地研究中精心积累起来的。尽管肯定还需要更具体的信息，但一种有效的研究策略将是把数据整合到进化生态学和生活史进化的概念和理论框架中，这些框架提供了理解并可能预测对公共卫生干预的适应性反应所需的定量背景。
