Translation and Translational Control in Dinoflagellates.

Dinoflagellates are unicellular protists that feature a multitude of unusual nuclear features, including large genomes, packaging of DNA without histones, and multiple gene copies organized as tandem gene arrays. Furthermore, all dinoflagellate mRNAs experience trans-splicing with a common 22-nucleotide splice leader (SL) sequence. These features challenge some of the concepts and assumptions about the regulation of gene expression derived from work on model eukaryotes such as yeasts and mammals. Translational control in the dinoflagellates, based on extensive study of circadian bioluminescence and by more recent microarray and transcriptome analyses, is now understood to be a crucial element in regulating gene expression. A picture of the translation machinery of dinoflagellates is emerging from the recent availability of transcriptomes of multiple dinoflagellate species and the first complete genome sequences. The components comprising the translational control toolkit of dinoflagellates are beginning to take shape and are outlined here.