Department of Geography, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan.
Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan.
Environ Monit Assess. 2018 Apr 11;190(5):275. doi: 10.1007/s10661-018-6631-5.
The objective of this study was to analyze and forecast municipal solid waste (MSW) in Nankana City (NC), District Nankana, Province of Punjab, Pakistan. The study is based on primary data acquired through a questionnaire, Global Positioning System (GPS), and direct waste sampling and analysis. Inverse distance weighting (IDW) technique was applied to geo-visualize the spatial trend of MSW generation. Analysis revealed that the total MSW generated was 12,419,636 kg/annum (12,419.64 t) or 34,026.4 kg/day (34.03 t), or 0.46 kg/capita/day (kg/cap/day). The average wastes generated per day by studied households, clinics, hospitals, and hotels were 3, 7.5, 20, and 15 kg, respectively. The residential sector was the top producer with 95.5% (32,511 kg/day) followed by commercial sector 1.9% (665 kg/day). On average, high-income and low-income households were generating waste of 4.2 kg/household/day (kg/hh/day) and 1.7 kg/hh/day, respectively. Similarly, large-size families were generating more (4.4 kg/hh/day) waste than small-size families (1.8 kg/hh/day). The physical constituents of MSW generated in the study area with a population of about 70,000 included paper (7%); compostable matter (61%); plastics (9%); fine earth, ashes, ceramics, and stones (20.4%); and others (2.6%).The spatial trend of MSW generation varies; city center has a high rate of generation and towards periphery generation lowers. Based on the current population growth and MSW generation rate, NC is expected to generate 2.8 times more waste by the year 2050.This is imperative to develop a proper solid waste management plan to reduce the risk of environmental degradation and protect human health. This study provides insights into MSW generation rate, physical composition, and forecasting which are vital in its management strategies.
本研究旨在分析和预测巴基斯坦旁遮普省南卡纳纳区南卡纳纳市（NC）的城市固体废物（MSW）。该研究基于通过问卷、全球定位系统（GPS）和直接废物采样和分析获得的原始数据。反距离权重（IDW）技术被应用于可视化 MSW 生成的空间趋势。分析表明，该市每年产生的总 MSW 为 12419636 公斤（12419.64 吨）或 34026.4 公斤/天（34.03 吨），或 0.46 公斤/人/天（kg/cap/day）。研究中的家庭、诊所、医院和酒店每天产生的平均废物分别为 3 公斤、7.5 公斤、20 公斤和 15 公斤。住宅部门是最大的废物产生者，占 95.5%（32511 公斤/天），其次是商业部门，占 1.9%（665 公斤/天）。平均而言，高收入和低收入家庭每天产生的废物分别为 4.2 公斤/家庭/天（kg/hh/day）和 1.7 公斤/hh/day。同样，大家庭（4.4 公斤/hh/day）比小家庭（1.8 公斤/hh/day）产生的废物更多。该地区人口约 7 万人，其产生的 MSW 的物理成分包括纸（7%）；可堆肥物质（61%）；塑料（9%）；细土、灰烬、陶瓷和石头（20.4%）；和其他（2.6%）。MSW 生成的空间趋势各不相同；市中心的生成率较高，而外围的生成率较低。根据目前的人口增长和 MSW 生成率，到 2050 年，NC 预计将产生 2.8 倍的废物。这就必须制定适当的固体废物管理计划，以减少环境退化的风险，保护人类健康。本研究提供了有关 MSW 生成率、物理成分和预测的见解，这些对于其管理策略至关重要。
