Du Bin, Cao Bihua, He Weiqi, Li Fuhong
Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China.
School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China.
Front Psychol. 2018 Apr 3;9:346. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00346. eCollection 2018.
The ability to learn from feedback is important for children's adaptive behavior and school learning. Feedback has two main components, informative value and valence. How to disentangle these two components and what is the developmental neural correlates of using the informative value of feedback is still an open question. In this study, 23 children (7-10 years old) and 19 adults (19-22 years old) were asked to perform a rule induction task, in which they were required to find a rule, based on the informative value of feedback. Behavioral results indicated that the likelihood of correct searching behavior under negative feedback was low for children. Event-related potentials showed that (1) the effect of valence was processed in a wide time window, particularly in the N2 component; (2) the encoding process of the informative value of negative feedback began later for children than for adults; (3) a clear P300 was observed for adults; for children, however, P300 was absent in the frontal region; and (4) children processed the informative value of feedback chiefly in the left sites during the P300 time window, whereas adults did not show this laterality. These results suggested that children were less sensitive to the informative value of negative feedback possibly because of the immature brain.
从反馈中学习的能力对儿童的适应性行为和学校学习很重要。反馈有两个主要成分，信息价值和效价。如何区分这两个成分，以及利用反馈信息价值的发育神经关联是什么，仍然是一个悬而未决的问题。在本研究中，23名儿童（7至10岁）和19名成年人（19至22岁）被要求执行一项规则归纳任务，在该任务中，他们需要根据反馈的信息价值找出一条规则。行为结果表明，儿童在负反馈下正确搜索行为的可能性较低。事件相关电位显示：（1）效价效应在较宽的时间窗口内被处理，特别是在N2成分中；（2）儿童对负反馈信息价值的编码过程比成年人开始得晚；（3）成年人观察到明显的P300；然而，儿童在额叶区域没有P300；（4）在P300时间窗口期间，儿童主要在左侧部位处理反馈的信息价值，而成年人没有表现出这种偏侧性。这些结果表明，儿童对负反馈的信息价值不太敏感，可能是因为大脑不成熟。
