Rosas Alejandro, Viciana Hugo, Caviedes Esteban, Arciniegas Alejandra
a Department of Philosophy , Universidad Nacional de Colombia , Bogotá , Colombia.
b Instituto de Estudios Sociales Avanzados, CSIC , Córdoba , Spain.
Soc Neurosci. 2019 Apr;14(2):125-135. doi: 10.1080/17470919.2018.1464945. Epub 2018 Apr 18.
Research on moral judgment with moral dilemmas suggests that "utilitarian" responses (UR) to sacrificial high-conflict dilemmas are due to decreased harm aversion, not only in individuals with clinical conditions, but also in healthy participants with high scores in antisocial personality traits. We investigated the patterns of responses to different dilemma types in healthy participants and present evidence that some URs to sacrificial dilemmas are morally motivated, as indicated by their empathic concern (EC) or primary psychopathy (PP) scores. In study 1 (N = 230) we tested students with four categories of sacrificial dilemmas featuring innocent victims. In study 2 (N = 590) we tested students with two categories of sacrificial dilemmas and two "real-world" moral dilemmas, where the agent can improve the lot of strangers by making a personal sacrifice. Results in both studies showed no decreased harm aversion in a pattern where the only UR is to the sacrificial dilemma where the number of saved people is very high, and significantly lower harm aversion only in the pattern of all-deontological respondents in Study 2. The analysis by response patterns allowed a better discrimination of the moral motivations of participants and showed that at least some of them express moral concerns in their URs.
对道德困境中的道德判断进行的研究表明，对牺牲性高冲突困境的“功利主义”反应（UR）是由于伤害厌恶的降低，不仅在患有临床疾病的个体中如此，在反社会人格特质得分高的健康参与者中也是如此。我们调查了健康参与者对不同困境类型的反应模式，并提供证据表明，对牺牲性困境的一些UR是出于道德动机，这由他们的移情关注（EC）或原发性精神病态（PP）得分表明。在研究1（N = 230）中，我们用四类以无辜受害者为特征的牺牲性困境测试了学生。在研究2（N = 590）中，我们用两类牺牲性困境和两类“现实世界”道德困境测试了学生，在这些困境中，行动者可以通过个人牺牲来改善陌生人的命运。两项研究的结果都表明，在唯一的UR是针对获救人数非常多的牺牲性困境的模式中，伤害厌恶没有降低，而仅在研究2中所有义务论回应者的模式中伤害厌恶显著降低。通过反应模式进行的分析能够更好地区分参与者的道德动机，并表明他们中至少有一些人在UR中表达了道德关切。
