Frazer Kirsten M, Richards Qwynten, Keith Diana R
Department of Psychology, Columbia University, 1190 Amsterdam Ave., New York, NY 10027, USA.
Department of Psychology, Columbia University, 1190 Amsterdam Ave., New York, NY 10027, USA.
Behav Brain Res. 2018 Aug 1;348:241-262. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.04.005. Epub 2018 Apr 16.
The predominant view of chronic cocaine use maintains that it causes a broad range of cognitive deficits. However, concerns about the possibly deleterious impact of cocaine on cognitive functioning have yet to be thoroughly vetted. This review addresses the impact of cocaine use on such cognitive domains as executive function, memory, language, and psychomotor speed. Additionally, relevant neuroimaging data is considered to understand the neural basis underlying cocaine-related effects on cognitive functioning.
We searched PubMed, Google Scholar, and Embase using the search terms "cocaine and cognition," "cocaine and cognitive functioning," and "cocaine and cognitive deficits or impairment." To meet inclusion criteria we evaluated only cognitive and neuroimaging studies describing the long-term effects of cocaine on cognitive functioning published from 1999 to 2016.
The majority of studies reported statistically significant differences between cocaine users and non-drug-using controls in brain structures, blood-oxygen-level dependent signals, and brain metabolism. However, differences in cognitive performance were observed on a minority of measures. Additionally, the majority of studies were not compared against normative data.
The current evidence does not support the view that chronic cocaine use is associated with broad cognitive deficits. The view that cocaine users have broad cognitive deficits is inaccurate based upon current evidence, and the perpetuation of this view may have negative implications for treatment programs and development of public policies.
关于长期使用可卡因的主流观点认为，它会导致广泛的认知缺陷。然而，可卡因对认知功能可能产生的有害影响尚未得到充分审查。本综述探讨了使用可卡因对执行功能、记忆、语言和心理运动速度等认知领域的影响。此外，还考虑了相关的神经影像学数据，以了解可卡因对认知功能影响的神经基础。
我们在PubMed、谷歌学术和Embase数据库中进行检索，检索词为“可卡因与认知”、“可卡因与认知功能”以及“可卡因与认知缺陷或损害”。为符合纳入标准，我们仅评估了1999年至2016年发表的描述可卡因对认知功能长期影响的认知和神经影像学研究。
大多数研究报告称，可卡因使用者与非吸毒对照组在脑结构、血氧水平依赖信号和脑代谢方面存在统计学上的显著差异。然而，在少数测量指标上观察到了认知表现的差异。此外，大多数研究未与标准化数据进行比较。
目前的证据不支持长期使用可卡因与广泛认知缺陷相关的观点。基于目前的证据，认为可卡因使用者存在广泛认知缺陷的观点是不准确的，而这种观点的持续存在可能会对治疗方案和公共政策的制定产生负面影响。
