Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
Chemosphere. 2018 Sep;206:132-141. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.04.146. Epub 2018 Apr 23.
Indoor dust is often used to evaluate levels of organic compounds indoors, particularly for compounds with indoor sources, such as flame retardants (FRs). Yet there are uncertainties about the type of information that can be obtained from indoor dust. This study reports detailed dust sampling to assess spatial variability in indoor dust concentrations, the relationship between FR sources and dust, and the implications when interpreting dust concentrations. Multiple dust samples were collected from a range of surface types in three large rooms: a residential flat, a university seminar room, and a university computer room. Samples were analysed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), novel halogenated flame retardants (NFRs) and organophosphate esters (OPEs). FR levels in dust varied significantly between and within rooms. Levels typically ranged over one order of magnitude within a room, and up to four orders of magnitude for a few OPEs. The spatial distribution of FRs related (in some cases) to proximity to sources, surface properties, and dust surface loadings. Differences also existed between surface and floor dusts, e.g., the contribution of TBOEP to ∑OPEs was higher in floor than surface dust, which has implications for human exposure assessment; adults typically have more contact with elevated surfaces, while young children have greater contact with floor surfaces. Overall, significant spatial heterogeneity exists in indoor dust, even in seemingly homogeneous indoor spaces, thus hampering comparability between studies and locations when single samples are collected. Composite samples are strongly recommended to limit the influence of spatial heterogeneity.
室内灰尘通常用于评估室内有机化合物的水平，特别是对于具有室内来源的化合物，如阻燃剂 (FRs)。然而，对于可以从室内灰尘中获得的信息类型存在不确定性。本研究报告了详细的灰尘采样，以评估室内灰尘浓度的空间变异性、FR 源与灰尘之间的关系，以及在解释灰尘浓度时的影响。从三个大房间的各种表面类型中采集了多个灰尘样本：住宅公寓、大学研讨室和大学计算机室。对多溴二苯醚 (PBDEs)、新型卤代阻燃剂 (NFRs) 和有机磷酸酯 (OPEs) 进行了分析。灰尘中的 FR 水平在房间之间和房间内差异很大。在一个房间内，通常在一个数量级范围内变化，而对于少数 OPEs，则高达四个数量级。FRs 的空间分布与源的接近程度、表面性质和灰尘表面负荷有关（在某些情况下）。表面灰尘和地板灰尘之间也存在差异，例如，TBOEP 对∑OPEs 的贡献在地板灰尘中高于表面灰尘，这对人体暴露评估有影响；成年人通常与升高的表面接触更多，而幼儿与地板表面接触更多。总体而言，即使在看似均匀的室内空间中，室内灰尘也存在显著的空间异质性，从而阻碍了在收集单个样本时对研究和地点之间的可比性。强烈建议使用组合样本来限制空间异质性的影响。
