Mitochondrial Zn Accumulation: A Potential Trigger of Hippocampal Ischemic Injury.

Ischemic stroke is a major cause of death and disabilities worldwide, and it has been long hoped that improved understanding of relevant injury mechanisms would yield targeted neuroprotective therapies. While Ca overload during ischemia-induced glutamate excitotoxicity has been identified as a major contributor, failures of glutamate targeted therapies to achieve desired clinical efficacy have dampened early hopes for the development of new treatments. However, additional studies examining possible contributions of Zn, a highly prevalent cation in the brain, have provided new insights that may help to rekindle the enthusiasm. In this review, we discuss both old and new findings yielding clues as to sources of the Zn that accumulates in many forebrain neurons after ischemia, and mechanisms through which it mediates injury. Specifically, we highlight the growing evidence of important Zn effects on mitochondria in promoting neuronal injury. A key focus has been to examine Zn contributions to the degeneration of highly susceptible hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Recent studies provide evidence of differences in sources of Zn and its interactions with mitochondria in CA1 versus CA3 neurons that may pertain to their differential vulnerabilities in disease. We propose that Zn-induced mitochondrial dysfunction is a critical and potentially targetable early event in the ischemic neuronal injury cascade, providing opportunities for the development of novel neuroprotective strategies to be delivered after transient ischemia.