Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305.
Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2018 May 29;115(22):5670-5675. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1803576115. Epub 2018 May 14.
We investigated rechargeable aluminum (Al) batteries composed of an Al negative electrode, a graphite positive electrode, and an ionic liquid (IL) electrolyte at temperatures down to -40 °C. The reversible battery discharge capacity at low temperatures could be superior to that at room temperature. In situ/operando electrochemical and synchrotron X-ray diffraction experiments combined with theoretical modeling revealed stable AlCl/graphite intercalation up to stage 3 at low temperatures, whereas intercalation was reversible up to stage 4 at room temperature (RT). The higher-degree anion/graphite intercalation at low temperatures affords rechargeable Al battery with higher discharge voltage (up to 2.5 V, a record for Al battery) and energy density. A remarkable cycle life of >20,000 cycles at a rate of 6C (10 minutes charge time) was achievable for Al battery operating at low temperatures, corresponding to a >50-year battery life if charged/discharged once daily.
我们研究了可在低至-40°C 温度下工作的可充式铝（Al）电池，其由 Al 负电极、石墨正电极和离子液体（IL）电解质组成。低温下电池的可逆放电容量可能优于室温下的容量。原位/操作电化学和同步加速器 X 射线衍射实验结合理论建模表明，在低温下稳定的 AlCl/石墨插层可达 3 阶段，而在室温下（RT）插层可逆至 4 阶段。在低温下，更高阶的阴离子/石墨插层使可充式 Al 电池具有更高的放电电压（高达 2.5 V，为 Al 电池的记录）和能量密度。在低温下运行的 Al 电池，以 6C 的速率（充电时间为 10 分钟）可实现超过 20,000 次循环的显著循环寿命，这相当于如果每天充电/放电一次，则电池寿命超过 50 年。
