Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
Pathog Dis. 2018 Jun 1;76(4). doi: 10.1093/femspd/fty027.
The mycobacterial cell envelope is a complex multilayered structure that provides the strength to the rod-shaped cell and creates the permeability barrier against antibiotics and host immune attack. In this review, we will discuss the spatial coordination of cell envelope biosynthesis and how plasma membrane compartmentalization plays a role in this process. The spatial organization of cell envelope biosynthetic enzymes as well as other membrane-associated proteins is crucial for cellular processes such as polar growth and midcell septum formation. We will highlight metabolic enzymes involved in the localized biosynthesis of envelope components such as peptidoglycan, arabinogalactan and outer/inner membrane lipids. The known and potential roles of cytoskeletal and coiled coil proteins in driving subcellular protein localization will also be summarized. Finally, we provide a comprehensive overview of known lateral heterogeneities in mycobacterial plasma membrane, with a particular focus on the intracellular membrane domain, recently revealed by biochemical fractionation and fluorescence microscopy. We consider how this dynamic and multifunctional membrane microdomain contributes to the subcellular localization of membrane proteins and spatially restricted cell envelope biosynthesis in mycobacteria.
分枝杆菌的细胞包膜是一个复杂的多层结构，为杆状细胞提供强度，并为抗生素和宿主免疫攻击创造渗透屏障。在这篇综述中，我们将讨论细胞包膜生物合成的空间协调，以及质膜区室化如何在此过程中发挥作用。细胞包膜生物合成酶以及其他膜相关蛋白的空间组织对于极性生长和中隔形成等细胞过程至关重要。我们将重点介绍参与细胞壁成分（如肽聚糖、阿拉伯半乳聚糖和内外膜脂质）局部生物合成的代谢酶。还将总结细胞骨架和卷曲螺旋蛋白在驱动细胞内蛋白质定位中的已知和潜在作用。最后，我们全面概述了分枝杆菌质膜中已知的横向异质性，特别关注最近通过生化分级分离和荧光显微镜揭示的细胞内膜域。我们考虑这种动态多功能膜微区如何有助于膜蛋白的亚细胞定位和分枝杆菌中空间受限的细胞包膜生物合成。
