MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018 May 18;67(19):556-559. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6719a5.
On October 6, 2017, an outbreak of cholera was declared in Zambia after laboratory confirmation of Vibrio cholerae O1, biotype El Tor, serotype Ogawa, from stool specimens from two patients with acute watery diarrhea. The two patients had gone to a clinic in Lusaka, the capital city, on October 4. Cholera cases increased rapidly, from several hundred cases in early December 2017 to approximately 2,000 by early January 2018 (Figure). In collaboration with partners, the Zambia Ministry of Health (MoH) launched a multifaceted public health response that included increased chlorination of the Lusaka municipal water supply, provision of emergency water supplies, water quality monitoring and testing, enhanced surveillance, epidemiologic investigations, a cholera vaccination campaign, aggressive case management and health care worker training, and laboratory testing of clinical samples. In late December 2017, a number of water-related preventive actions were initiated, including increasing chlorine levels throughout the city's water distribution system and placing emergency tanks of chlorinated water in the most affected neighborhoods; cholera cases declined sharply in January 2018. During January 10-February 14, 2018, approximately 2 million doses of oral cholera vaccine were administered to Lusaka residents aged ≥1 year. However, in mid-March, heavy flooding and widespread water shortages occurred, leading to a resurgence of cholera. As of May 12, 2018, the outbreak had affected seven of the 10 provinces in Zambia, with 5,905 suspected cases and a case fatality rate (CFR) of 1.9%. Among the suspected cases, 5,414 (91.7%), including 98 deaths (CFR = 1.8%), occurred in Lusaka residents.
2017 年 10 月 6 日，在对来自两名急性水样腹泻患者粪便标本的霍乱弧菌 O1、生物型 El Tor、血清型 Ogawa 进行实验室确认后，赞比亚宣布暴发霍乱。这两名患者于 10 月 4 日前往首都卢萨卡的一家诊所就诊。霍乱病例迅速增加，从 2017 年 12 月初的几百例增加到 2018 年 1 月初的约 2000 例（图）。赞比亚卫生部（MoH）与合作伙伴合作，发起了一项多方面的公共卫生应对措施，包括增加卢萨卡市供水的氯消毒、提供紧急供水、水质监测和检测、加强监测、流行病学调查、霍乱疫苗接种运动、积极的病例管理和医护人员培训以及临床样本的实验室检测。2017 年 12 月下旬，启动了一些与水有关的预防措施，包括增加整个城市供水中的氯含量，并在受影响最严重的社区放置紧急氯水箱；2018 年 1 月霍乱病例急剧下降。2018 年 1 月 10 日至 2 月 14 日期间，向卢萨卡年龄在 1 岁及以上的居民接种了约 200 万剂口服霍乱疫苗。然而，3 月中旬，发生了严重洪灾和广泛的水资源短缺，导致霍乱疫情死灰复燃。截至 2018 年 5 月 12 日，疫情已影响赞比亚 10 个省中的 7 个省，报告了 5905 例疑似病例，病死率（CFR）为 1.9%。在疑似病例中，5414 例（91.7%），包括 98 例死亡（CFR=1.8%）发生在卢萨卡居民中。
