Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, 431 Glebe Point Road, Glebe, Sydney, NSW 2037, Australia.
The Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney Medical School, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018 Jun 8;15(6):1206. doi: 10.3390/ijerph15061206.
This article briefly reviews evidence of health effects associated with exposure to particulate matter (PM) air pollution from five common outdoor emission sources: traffic, coal-fired power stations, diesel exhaust, domestic wood combustion heaters, and crustal dust. The principal purpose of this review is to compare the evidence of health effects associated with these different sources with a view to answering the question: Is exposure to PM from some emission sources associated with worse health outcomes than exposure to PM from other sources? Answering this question will help inform development of air pollution regulations and environmental policy that maximises health benefits. Understanding the health effects of exposure to components of PM and source-specific PM are active fields of investigation. However, the different methods that have been used in epidemiological studies, along with the differences in populations, emission sources, and ambient air pollution mixtures between studies, make the comparison of results between studies problematic. While there is some evidence that PM from traffic and coal-fired power station emissions may elicit greater health effects compared to PM from other sources, overall the evidence to date does not indicate a clear ‘hierarchy’ of harmfulness for PM from different emission sources. Further investigations of the health effects of source-specific PM with more advanced approaches to exposure modeling, measurement, and statistics, are required before changing the current public health protection approach of minimising exposure to total PM mass.
本文简要回顾了与五种常见户外排放源（交通、燃煤电厂、柴油尾气、家用燃木取暖炉和地壳尘）相关的颗粒物（PM）空气污染暴露对健康的影响的证据。本次审查的主要目的是比较这些不同来源与健康影响相关的证据，以回答以下问题：与其他来源的 PM 相比，某些排放源的 PM 暴露是否与更差的健康结果有关？回答这个问题将有助于制定最大程度地提高健康效益的空气污染法规和环境政策。了解暴露于 PM 成分和特定来源的 PM 的健康影响是积极的研究领域。然而，由于流行病学研究中使用的方法不同，以及研究之间的人群、排放源和环境空气污染物混合体的差异，使得对研究结果进行比较变得困难。虽然有一些证据表明，与其他来源的 PM 相比，交通和燃煤电厂排放的 PM 可能会引起更大的健康影响，但目前为止的证据并未表明不同排放源的 PM 具有明确的“危害性等级”。在改变目前通过减少总 PM 质量来最小化暴露的公共健康保护方法之前，需要进一步研究特定来源的 PM 的健康影响，并采用更先进的暴露建模、测量和统计方法。
