Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294.
Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2019 Mar 1;11(3):a033001. doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a033001.
As obligate intracellular parasites, virus reproduction requires host cell functions. Despite variations in genome size and configuration, nucleic acid composition, and their repertoire of encoded functions, all viruses remain unconditionally dependent on the protein synthesis machinery resident within their cellular hosts to translate viral messenger RNAs (mRNAs). A complex signaling network responsive to physiological stress, including infection, regulates host translation factors and ribosome availability. Furthermore, access to the translation apparatus is patrolled by powerful host immune defenses programmed to restrict viral invaders. Here, we review the tactics and mechanisms used by viruses to appropriate control over host ribosomes, subvert host defenses, and dominate the infected cell translational landscape. These not only define aspects of infection biology paramount for virus reproduction, but continue to drive fundamental discoveries into how cellular protein synthesis is controlled in health and disease.
作为专性细胞内寄生虫，病毒的繁殖需要宿主细胞的功能。尽管基因组大小和结构、核酸组成以及编码功能的种类存在差异，但所有病毒仍然无条件地依赖于其宿主细胞中存在的蛋白质合成机制来翻译病毒信使 RNA（mRNA）。一个对生理应激（包括感染）有反应的复杂信号网络调节宿主翻译因子和核糖体的可用性。此外，对翻译装置的访问受到强大的宿主免疫防御机制的控制，这些防御机制旨在限制病毒入侵。在这里，我们回顾了病毒用来控制宿主核糖体、颠覆宿主防御并主导受感染细胞翻译景观的策略和机制。这些不仅定义了感染生物学中对病毒繁殖至关重要的方面，而且还不断推动对细胞蛋白质合成在健康和疾病中如何受到控制的基本发现。
