Nutrition & Metabolism, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide SA5000, Australia; and School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA5000, Australia.
Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2019 Jul 1;11(7):a033050. doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a033050.
Protein synthesis, including the translation of specific messenger RNAs (mRNAs), is regulated by extracellular stimuli such as hormones and by the levels of certain nutrients within cells. This control involves several well-understood signaling pathways and protein kinases, which regulate the phosphorylation of proteins that control the translational machinery. These pathways include the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), its downstream effectors, and the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase (extracellular ligand-regulated kinase [ERK]) signaling pathway. This review describes the regulatory mechanisms that control translation initiation and elongation factors, in particular the effects of phosphorylation on their interactions or activities. It also discusses current knowledge concerning the impact of these control systems on the translation of specific mRNAs or subsets of mRNAs, both in physiological processes and in diseases such as cancer.
蛋白质合成，包括特定信使 RNA（mRNA）的翻译，受到细胞外刺激（如激素）和某些营养素水平的调节。这种控制涉及几个理解得很好的信号通路和蛋白激酶，它们调节控制翻译机制的蛋白质的磷酸化。这些途径包括雷帕霉素复合物 1（mTORC1）、其下游效应物以及丝裂原激活蛋白（MAP）激酶（细胞外配体调节激酶[ERK]）信号通路。这篇综述描述了控制翻译起始和延伸因子的调节机制，特别是磷酸化对其相互作用或活性的影响。它还讨论了关于这些控制系统对特定 mRNA 或 mRNA 亚群翻译的影响的最新知识，包括生理过程和癌症等疾病中的影响。
