INRA, UMR1347 Agroécologie, Dijon, France.
AgroSup Dijon, UMR1347 Agroécologie, Dijon, France.
Microbiologyopen. 2019 Apr;8(4):e00676. doi: 10.1002/mbo3.676. Epub 2018 Jun 13.
Soil microorganisms are essential to agroecosystem functioning and services. Yet, we still lack information on which farming practices can effectively shape the soil microbial communities. The aim of this study was to identify the farming practices, which are most effective at positively or negatively modifying bacterial and fungal diversity while considering the soil environmental variation at a landscape scale. A long-term research study catchment (12 km ) representative of intensive mixed farming (livestock and crop) in Western Europe was investigated using a regular grid for soil sampling (n = 186). Farming systems on this landscape scale were described in terms of crop rotation, use of fertilizer, soil tillage, pesticides treatments, and liming. Molecular microbial biomass was estimated by soil DNA recovery. Bacterial and fungal communities were analyzed by 16S and 18S rRNA gene pyrosequencing. Microbial biomass was significantly stimulated by the presence of pasture during the crop rotation since temporary and permanent pastures, as compared to annual crops, increased the soil microbial biomass by +23% and +93% respectively. While soil properties (mainly pH) explained much of the variation in bacterial diversity, soil tillage seemed to be the most influential among the farming practices. A 2.4% increase in bacterial richness was observed along our gradient of soil tillage intensity. In contrast, farming practices were the predominant drivers of fungal diversity, which was mainly determined by the presence of pastures during the crop rotation. Compared to annual crops, temporary and permanent pastures increased soil fungal richness by +10% and +14.5%, respectively. Altogether, our landscape-scale investigation allows the identification of farming practices that can effectively shape the soil microbial abundance and diversity, with the goal to improve agricultural soil management and soil ecological integrity.
土壤微生物是农业生态系统功能和服务的基础。然而，我们仍然缺乏关于哪些农业实践可以有效地塑造土壤微生物群落的信息。本研究的目的是确定最有效的农业实践，以积极或消极地改变细菌和真菌多样性，同时考虑景观尺度上的土壤环境变化。本研究采用常规网格进行土壤采样（n=186），对西欧集约化混合农业（畜牧业和作物）的长期研究流域（12km）进行了研究。在景观尺度上，根据作物轮作、化肥使用、土壤耕作、农药处理和石灰处理来描述农业系统。通过土壤 DNA 回收来估计微生物生物量。通过 16S 和 18S rRNA 基因焦磷酸测序分析细菌和真菌群落。微生物生物量受到作物轮作中草地存在的显著刺激，因为与一年生作物相比，临时和永久性草地分别使土壤微生物生物量增加了+23%和+93%。虽然土壤特性（主要是 pH 值）解释了细菌多样性的大部分变化，但土壤耕作似乎是农业实践中最具影响力的因素。在我们的土壤耕作强度梯度上，观察到细菌丰富度增加了 2.4%。相比之下，农业实践是真菌多样性的主要驱动因素，这主要取决于作物轮作期间草地的存在。与一年生作物相比，临时和永久性草地分别使土壤真菌丰富度增加了+10%和+14.5%。总的来说，我们的景观尺度调查可以确定有效的农业实践，可以有效地塑造土壤微生物丰度和多样性，以改善农业土壤管理和土壤生态完整性。
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