Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States.
Whitman College, Walla Walla, WA, United States.
Clin Psychol Rev. 2019 Apr;69:30-50. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2018.06.002. Epub 2018 Jun 7.
A growing body of research has implicated disgust in various psychopathologies, especially anxiety-related disorders. Although the observed role of disgust in many disorders is robust, the mechanisms that may explain this role are unclear. Cutting-edge research in cognitive science has the potential to elucidate such mechanisms and consequently improve our understanding of how disgust contributes to the etiology and maintenance of psychopathology. In this qualitative review, we systematically assess cognitive bias mechanisms that have been linked to disgust and its disorders. This review suggests that disgust-related biases may be observed in memory, interpretation, judgment of expectancies, and attention, as well as at implicit levels. Of these cognitive domains, the most robust bias appears to be observed at the level of attention. However, reliable moderators of attentional biases for disgust have not yet been identified, and this bias has not been systematically linked to other levels of analysis. Despite these limitations, the available research indicates that attentional avoidance rather than orienting or maintenance may be the most characteristic of disgust. Attentional avoidance of disgust may have important implications for etiological and treatment models of disorders characterized by excessive disgust reactions. The implications for advancing such models are discussed in the context of a combined cognitive bias hypothesis.
越来越多的研究表明，厌恶感与各种精神病理学有关，尤其是与焦虑相关的障碍。尽管观察到厌恶感在许多障碍中的作用是可靠的，但解释这种作用的机制尚不清楚。认知科学的前沿研究有可能阐明这些机制，从而增进我们对厌恶感如何导致精神病理学的病因和维持的理解。在本次定性综述中，我们系统地评估了与厌恶感及其障碍相关的认知偏差机制。本综述表明，在记忆、解释、预期判断和注意力等方面，以及在潜意识水平上，都可能观察到与厌恶相关的偏差。在这些认知领域中，最显著的偏差似乎出现在注意力水平上。然而，目前还没有确定注意力对厌恶感的偏差的可靠调节因素，并且该偏差尚未与其他分析水平系统地联系起来。尽管存在这些局限性，但现有研究表明，对厌恶感的注意力回避而非定向或维持可能是最具特征性的。对厌恶感的注意力回避可能对以过度厌恶反应为特征的障碍的病因和治疗模型具有重要意义。在结合认知偏差假设的背景下，讨论了推进这些模型的意义。
