Orsolini Laura, Ciccarese Michela, Papanti Duccio, De Berardis Domenico, Guirguis Amira, Corkery John M, Schifano Fabrizio
Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom.
Neomesia Mental Health, Villa Jolanda Hospital, Jesi, Italy.
Front Psychiatry. 2018 May 22;9:153. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00153. eCollection 2018.
Currently different classes of psychoactive substances are available for abuse, including several hundred novel psychoactive substances (NPS). Some of these drugs occur naturally in plants and animals or are chemically modified from plant or animal compounds and have been abused by humans over millennia. Recently, the occurrence of a new "drug culture" (e.g., psychonauts) who consume a great variety of NPS with hallucinogenic/psychedelic properties, facilitated the development of a new "psychedelic trend" toward the consumption of substances contained in some species of animals ("psychedelic fauna"). The present review aims at providing an overview of the most commonly abused "psychedelic animals," by combining a dual search strategy coming from online psychonauts' experiences and English literature searches on the PubMed/Medline Google Scholar databases. A multilingual qualitative assessment on a range of websites and online resources was performed in order to identify a list of animals who possess some psychoactive properties and could be abused by humans for recreational purposes. Several species are implicated (i.e., ants, amphibians, fish). Routes of administration depend on the animal, substance included, metabolism, toxicity and individual, social and cultural variability. Online purchase and access are easy through tourism-related search strategies ("," " "").
目前，有不同种类的精神活性物质可供滥用，包括数百种新型精神活性物质（NPS）。其中一些药物天然存在于植物和动物中，或者是从植物或动物化合物中经过化学修饰而来，并且数千年来一直被人类滥用。最近，一种新的“毒品文化”（如迷幻药使用者）出现了，他们消费大量具有致幻/迷幻特性的新型精神活性物质，推动了一种新的“迷幻趋势”的发展，即食用某些动物物种中含有的物质（“迷幻动物群”）。本综述旨在通过结合来自在线迷幻药使用者的经验以及在PubMed/Medline谷歌学术数据库上进行的英文文献搜索这一双重搜索策略，概述最常被滥用的“迷幻动物”。为了确定一系列具有某些精神活性特性且可能被人类用于娱乐目的而滥用的动物名单，对一系列网站和在线资源进行了多语言定性评估。有几种物种牵涉其中（如蚂蚁、两栖动物、鱼类）。给药途径取决于动物、所含物质、新陈代谢、毒性以及个体、社会和文化差异。通过与旅游相关的搜索策略，在线购买和获取很容易。
