Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE, UMR 7376, ECCOREV FR 3098, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, Avignon Université, IMBE, Marseille, France.
Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE, UMR 7376, ECCOREV FR 3098, Marseille, France.
Sci Total Environ. 2018 Oct 15;639:1334-1348. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.351. Epub 2018 May 26.
Due to their pseudo-persistence and their biological activity, pharmaceuticals are emerging contaminants of major concern for the environment. The aim of this review is to provide an updated inventory of the contamination of aquatic environments by 43 drugs representing different classes of pharmaceuticals, such as antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, anti-depressants, sex hormones, lipid regulators and beta-blockers. The data collected is focused on contamination levels reported in marine coastal waters and in waste and river waters flowing into the Mediterranean Sea. The most widely produced/prescribed classes of medicines are compared with the substances most widely searched for in the environment. Ranges of pollution levels according to the type of water body are also presented, to examine the fate in sewage treatment plants and the persistence in the environment of the targeted molecules. Levels of pharmaceuticals ranged from 100 to 10,000 or even 100,000 ng·L in sewage waters, dropping to 1 to 10,000 ng·L in rivers and to not detected to 3000 ng·L in sea water. However, this paper evidences a lack of data for seawater and also for several countries along the southern coast of the Mediterranean Sea. In order to assess the risk for aquatic ecosystems associated with pharmaceuticals, experimental ecotoxicological values obtained using normalized acute and/or chronic bioassays carried out with different trophic levels were collected for each drug. Targeted biological species and associated bioassays are classified on the basis of their sensitivity to each class of compounds. Occurrence and ecotoxicology are then linked by using the Hazard Quotient (HQ) to assess the environmental risk caused by pharmaceuticals in the Mediterranean Basin. Correlations between HQ and frequency of detection of pharmaceuticals highlighted thirteen compounds that are cause for concern in Mediterranean fresh and sea waters, such as 17α-ethinylestradiol, metoprolol, 8 antibiotics and 3 analgesics/anti-inflammatories.
由于其假持久性和生物活性，药品已成为环境中主要关注的新兴污染物。本综述的目的是提供一份最新的清单，列出了 43 种不同类别的药物对水生环境的污染情况，这些药物包括抗生素、消炎药、抗抑郁药、性激素、血脂调节剂和β受体阻滞剂。所收集的数据主要集中在海洋沿海水域以及流入地中海的废水和河流中的污染水平。还比较了最广泛生产/开处方的药物类别与环境中最广泛搜索的物质。根据水体类型呈现了污染水平的范围，以检查污水处理厂中目标分子的处理情况和在环境中的持久性。药物的浓度范围从污水中的 100 到 10,000 甚至 100,000ng·L-1，降至河流中的 1 到 10,000ng·L-1，以及海水中的未检出到 3000ng·L-1。然而，本文证明了缺乏有关海水以及地中海南海岸沿线的几个国家的数据。为了评估与药物相关的水生生态系统的风险，本文还收集了使用标准化急性和/或慢性生物测定法对不同营养级进行的实验生态毒理学值，这些值针对每种药物。针对的生物物种和相关的生物测定根据其对每种化合物的敏感性进行分类。然后通过使用危害系数（HQ）将发生情况和生态毒理学联系起来，以评估地中海盆地中药物造成的环境风险。HQ 与药物检测频率之间的相关性突出了 13 种在地中海淡水和海水中引起关注的化合物，如 17α-乙炔基雌二醇、美托洛尔、8 种抗生素和 3 种镇痛药/消炎药。
