Kozasa Elisa H, Balardin Joana B, Sato João Ricardo, Chaim Khallil Taverna, Lacerda Shirley S, Radvany João, Mello Luiz Eugênio A M, Amaro Edson
Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil.
Center of Mathematics, Computation and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, Brazil.
Front Hum Neurosci. 2018 Jun 11;12:222. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00222. eCollection 2018.
Meditation as a cognitive enhancement technique is of growing interest in the field of health and research on brain function. The Stroop Word-Color Task (SWCT) has been adapted for neuroimaging studies as an interesting paradigm for the understanding of cognitive control mechanisms. Performance in the SWCT requires both attention and impulse control, which is trained in meditation practices. We presented SWCT inside the MRI equipment to measure the performance of meditators compared with non-meditators before and after a meditation retreat. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a 7-day Zen intensive meditation training (a retreat) on meditators and non-meditators in this task on performance level and neural mechanisms. Nineteen meditators and 14 non-meditators were scanned before and after a 7-day Zen meditation retreat. No significant differences were found between meditators and non-meditators in the number of the correct responses and response time (RT) during SWCT before and after the retreat. Probably, due to meditators training in attention, their brain activity in the contrast incongruent > neutral during the SWCT in the anterior cingulate, ventromedial prefrontal cortex/anterior cingulate, caudate/putamen/pallidum/temporal lobe (center), insula/putamen/temporal lobe (right) and posterior cingulate before the retreat, were reduced compared with non-meditators. After the meditation retreat, non-meditators had reduced activation in these regions, becoming similar to meditators before the retreat. This result could be interpreted as an increase in the brain efficiency of non-meditators (less brain activation in attention-related regions and same behavioral response) promoted by their intensive training in meditation in only 7 days. On the other hand, meditators showed an increase in brain activation in these regions after the same training. Intensive meditation training (retreat) presented distinct effects on the attention-related regions in meditators and non-meditators probably due to differences in expertise, attention processing as well as neuroplasticity.
冥想作为一种认知增强技术，在健康领域和脑功能研究中越来越受到关注。斯特鲁普文字-颜色任务（SWCT）已被应用于神经影像学研究，作为理解认知控制机制的一个有趣范例。SWCT任务的表现需要注意力和冲动控制，而这正是冥想练习中所训练的内容。我们在MRI设备中进行SWCT测试，以测量冥想者在静修前后与非冥想者相比的表现。本研究的目的是评估为期7天的禅宗强化冥想训练（静修）对冥想者和非冥想者在该任务中的表现水平和神经机制的影响。19名冥想者和14名非冥想者在为期7天的禅宗冥想静修前后接受了扫描。在静修前后的SWCT中，冥想者和非冥想者在正确反应数量和反应时间（RT）方面没有发现显著差异。可能是由于冥想者进行了注意力训练，在静修前，他们在前扣带回、腹内侧前额叶皮质/前扣带回、尾状核/壳核/苍白球/颞叶（中心）、岛叶/壳核/颞叶（右侧）和后扣带回进行SWCT时，与非冥想者相比，在不一致>中性对比中的大脑活动减少。冥想静修后，非冥想者在这些区域的激活减少，变得与静修前的冥想者相似。这一结果可以解释为，非冥想者在仅7天的强化冥想训练后，大脑效率提高（与注意力相关区域的大脑激活减少，但行为反应相同）。另一方面，冥想者在相同训练后，这些区域的大脑激活增加。强化冥想训练（静修）对冥想者和非冥想者与注意力相关区域产生了不同的影响，这可能是由于专业知识、注意力处理以及神经可塑性的差异。
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