Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
Human-Environment Systems, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, ID, 83725-1075, USA.
Ambio. 2019 Mar;48(3):280-292. doi: 10.1007/s13280-018-1068-1. Epub 2018 Jun 13.
Biodiversity-based cultural ecosystem services (CES), such as birdwatching, are strongly influenced by biotic community dynamics. However, CES models are largely static, relying on single estimates of species richness or land-use/land-cover proxies, and may be inadequate for landscape management of CES supply. Using bird survey data from the Appalachian Mountains (USA), we developed spatial-temporal models of five CES indicators (total bird species richness, and richness of migratory, infrequent, synanthrope, and resident species), reflecting variation in birdwatcher preferences. We analyzed seasonal shifts in birdwatching supply and how those shifts impacted public access to projected birdwatching hotspots. Landscape patterns of CES supply differed substantially among indicators, leading to opposing conclusions about locations of highest birdwatching supply. Total species richness hotspots seldom overlapped with hotspots of migratory or infrequent species. Public access to CES hotspots varied seasonally. Our study suggests that simple, static biodiversity metrics may overlook spatial dynamics important to CES users.
基于生物多样性的文化生态系统服务（CES），如观鸟，受到生物群落动态的强烈影响。然而，CES 模型在很大程度上是静态的，依赖于单一的物种丰富度估计或土地利用/土地覆盖的替代物，可能不足以进行 CES 供应的景观管理。利用美国阿巴拉契亚山脉（Appalachian Mountains）的鸟类调查数据，我们开发了五个 CES 指标（总鸟类物种丰富度、迁徙物种、稀有物种、共生种和留鸟物种的丰富度）的时空模型，反映了观鸟者偏好的变化。我们分析了观鸟供应的季节性变化，以及这些变化如何影响公众对预测观鸟热点的访问。CES 供应的景观模式在不同指标之间存在显著差异，这导致了对最高观鸟供应地点的结论相互矛盾。总物种丰富度热点很少与迁徙或稀有物种的热点重叠。公众对 CES 热点的访问量随季节而变化。我们的研究表明，简单的、静态的生物多样性指标可能会忽略对 CES 用户很重要的空间动态。
