Pareek Vikram, Bhargava Arpit, Bhanot Vishalakshi, Gupta Rinki, Jain Nishtha, Panwar Jitendra
J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2018 Oct 1;18(10):6653-6670. doi: 10.1166/jnn.2018.15766.
Recent years have witnessed unprecedented increase in the use of nanoparticles in various sectors viz. electronics, catalysis, agriculture, textile, cosmetics, bio-medicine, packaging, house-holds and food-associated consumer products. This has led to the inevitable release of nanoparticles into the environment, which can have negative impact on living beings. Humans can also be exposed to these nanoparticles either intentionally or accidently. Nanoparticles can enter in the human body through food chain, inhalation, open wounds, drugs and intravenous injections etc. In majority of these cases, the nanoparticles may pass through the various cell layers, cell sap and finally enter into the blood. Upon interaction with biological fluid, nanoparticles come in close proximity particularly to the proteins present in the fluid. The assembly of proteins surrounding the nanoparticle's surface is called as protein corona and their complex is known as protein-nanoparticle complex. Formation of protein corona is a vibrant and driving process, which plays a pivotal role in the functioning of nanoparticles in biological systems. Moreover, due to interaction of proteins with nanoparticles, conformational changes may occur in the native structure of protein, which may lead to change in the functioning of proteins towards its cellular interaction. The present review provides in-depth knowledge about the formation of protein corona around nanoparticles and the factors regulating this process. Further, it discusses various techniques that can be used for the protein corona analysis and obtaining information about molecular consequences upon nanoparticle's exposure. Finally, the functional aspects of protein-nanoparticle complex have been discussed in detail. In-depth understanding of protein-nanoparticles complex can be instrumental to generate well-suited nanoparticles with desired surface characteristics in the way to biological application.
近年来，纳米颗粒在电子、催化、农业、纺织、化妆品、生物医学、包装、家庭和食品相关消费品等各个领域的使用出现了前所未有的增长。这导致纳米颗粒不可避免地释放到环境中，可能对生物产生负面影响。人类也可能有意或无意地接触到这些纳米颗粒。纳米颗粒可通过食物链、吸入、开放性伤口、药物和静脉注射等途径进入人体。在大多数情况下，纳米颗粒可能穿过各种细胞层、细胞液，最终进入血液。与生物流体相互作用时，纳米颗粒尤其会与流体中存在的蛋白质紧密接触。围绕纳米颗粒表面的蛋白质组装体称为蛋白质冠层，它们的复合物称为蛋白质-纳米颗粒复合物。蛋白质冠层的形成是一个活跃且起推动作用的过程，在纳米颗粒在生物系统中的功能发挥中起着关键作用。此外，由于蛋白质与纳米颗粒的相互作用，蛋白质的天然结构可能会发生构象变化，这可能导致蛋白质在细胞相互作用方面的功能发生改变。本综述提供了关于纳米颗粒周围蛋白质冠层形成以及调节这一过程的因素的深入知识。此外，还讨论了可用于蛋白质冠层分析以及获取纳米颗粒暴露后分子后果信息的各种技术。最后，详细讨论了蛋白质-纳米颗粒复合物的功能方面。深入了解蛋白质-纳米颗粒复合物有助于生成具有所需表面特性的合适纳米颗粒，以用于生物应用。
