Geere Jo-Anne Lee, Cortobius Moa, Geere Jonathan Harold, Hammer Charlotte Christiane, Hunter Paul R
Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
Stockholm International Water Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
BMJ Glob Health. 2018 Jun 22;3(3):e000764. doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2018-000764. eCollection 2018.
The work of carrying water falls mainly on women and children, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and rural areas. While concerns have been raised, how water carriage is associated with health of the water carrier is not clear. The aim of this review is to summarise evidence on whether, and how, water carriage is associated with the water carrier's health.
A systematic review of literature was conducted, searching Embase; Medline; Web of Science Social Sciences Citation Index; Web of Science Arts and Humanities Citation Index; International Initiative for Impact Evaluation website; WHO Virtual Health Sciences Library and WHO African index medicus, from inception to 8 November 2017.
Forty-two studies were included. Their ability to demonstrate cause and effect relationships was limited by study design and fair or poor methodological quality. Overall, the studies suggest that water carriage is associated with negative aspects of the water carriers' health. There is moderate quantitative and strong qualitative evidence that water carriage is associated with pain, fatigue, perinatal health problems and violence against vulnerable people, and inconclusive evidence of an association with stress or self-reported mental health and general health status.
In many circumstances, water carriage is a potential barrier to Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6 target 'universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all' and SDG 3 'ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages'. Efforts should focus on providing water on premises, and where this is not possible, providing water close to home and reducing risk of gender-based violence.
运水工作主要由妇女和儿童承担，特别是在撒哈拉以南非洲地区和农村地区。尽管人们已提出相关担忧，但运水与运水者健康之间的关联尚不清楚。本综述的目的是总结关于运水是否以及如何与运水者健康相关的证据。
对文献进行了系统综述，检索了Embase、Medline、科学网社会科学引文索引、科学网艺术与人文引文索引、国际影响评估倡议网站、世卫组织虚拟健康科学图书馆以及世卫组织非洲医学索引，检索时间从各数据库创建至2017年11月8日。
纳入了42项研究。这些研究在证明因果关系方面的能力受到研究设计以及方法质量一般或较差的限制。总体而言，研究表明运水与运水者健康的负面情况相关。有适度的定量证据和强有力的定性证据表明运水与疼痛、疲劳、围产期健康问题以及针对弱势群体的暴力行为有关，而关于运水与压力、自我报告的心理健康及总体健康状况之间的关联则证据不确凿。
在许多情况下，运水是实现可持续发展目标6“为所有人提供普遍和公平的安全及负担得起的饮用水”以及可持续发展目标3“确保所有人在所有年龄段都享有健康生活并促进福祉”的潜在障碍。应着力于在住所内提供水，若无法做到，则应在离家较近的地方提供水，并降低基于性别的暴力风险。
