Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-718 Olsztyn, M. Oczapowskiego St. 13, Poland.
Poult Sci. 2018 Dec 1;97(12):4193-4199. doi: 10.3382/ps/pey296.
The black grouse is a critically endangered species in Europe. Aviary breeding and re-introduction programs have contributed to the reinstatement of black grouse populations. Parasitic diseases can influence the species' behavior, choice of habitats, and survival rates. Protozoa of the genus Eimeria are the most prevalent parasites in black grouse. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of toltrazuril (TOL) against Eimeria spp. in black grouse kept in an aviary. Eimeria spp. oocysts (mean OPG for all birds = 7,047.84; SD = 5,625.05) were detected in feces samples in a routine parasitological examination. Parasitic infections were treated with toltrazuril Baycox 2.5% (Bayer, Leverkusen, Germany) at 1 ml/1 l H2O administered per os with drinking water twice a day for 2 d, 12 h/24 h. High oocysts counts persisted upon the second parasitic examination. Therefore, the birds were divided into 3 groups in 3 existing aviaries. Toltrazuril was administered according to the same protocol, and its uptake with drinking water was monitored. A parasitological examination conducted 5 d later revealed the presence of parasites, and the TOL dose was increased to 3 ml/1 l H2O. When oocysts were detected in a successive exam, the TOL dose was further increased to 5 ml/1 l H2O. The increase in TOL dose did not eliminate parasites, therefore, the treatment was discontinued. The fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) revealed that 1 ml of TOL reduced fecal oocysts counts (OPG) by 0.02%, the second application of the same TOL dose reduced OPG by 0%, 3 ml of TOL reduced OPG by 0%, and 5 ml of TOL reduced OPG by 65.7%. The applied doses of TOL did not induce significant differences in the fecal oocysts counts of any of the identified species of coccidia. The results indicate that the coccidia species infecting black grouse have natural resistance to TOL.
黑琴鸡在欧洲是一种极度濒危的物种。笼养繁殖和再引入计划有助于恢复黑琴鸡的种群。寄生虫病会影响物种的行为、栖息地选择和生存率。艾美耳球虫属的原生动物是黑琴鸡中最常见的寄生虫。本研究旨在评估托曲珠利（TOLT）对笼养黑琴鸡艾美耳球虫的疗效。在例行寄生虫学检查中，从粪便样本中检测到艾美耳球虫卵囊（所有鸟类的平均 OPG=7047.84；SD=5625.05）。用托曲珠利百球清 2.5%（拜耳，德国勒沃库森）治疗寄生虫感染，剂量为 1ml/1lH2O，口服，每天两次，12/24 小时。第二次寄生虫检查时，卵囊计数仍然很高。因此，将这些鸟类分为 3 组，放在 3 个现有的鸟舍中。按照相同的方案给予托曲珠利，监测其随饮水的摄取量。5 天后进行寄生虫学检查，发现有寄生虫存在，将 TOL 剂量增加至 3ml/1lH2O。当连续检查发现卵囊时，将 TOL 剂量进一步增加至 5ml/1lH2O。增加 TOL 剂量并不能消除寄生虫，因此停止了治疗。粪便卵囊减少试验（FECRT）显示，1mlTOL 减少粪便卵囊计数（OPG）0.02%，第二次应用相同剂量的 TOL 减少 OPG0%，3mlTOL 减少 OPG0%，5mlTOL 减少 OPG65.7%。应用的 TOL 剂量不会导致任何鉴定的艾美耳球虫种的粪便卵囊计数产生显著差异。结果表明，感染黑琴鸡的球虫种对 TOL 具有天然耐药性。
