Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Monash University, PO Box 527, Frankston, Melbourne, VIC, 3199, Australia.
Discipline of Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.
Eur J Appl Physiol. 2018 Sep;118(9):1751-1772. doi: 10.1007/s00421-018-3937-5. Epub 2018 Jul 11.
Cross-education describes the strength gain in the opposite, untrained limb following a unilateral strength training program. Since its discovery in 1894, several studies now confirm the existence of cross-education in contexts that involve voluntary dynamic contractions, eccentric contraction, electrical stimulation, whole-body vibration and, more recently, following mirror feedback training. Although many aspects of cross-education have been established, the mediating neural mechanisms remain unclear. Overall, the findings of this review show that the neural adaptations to cross-education of muscle strength most likely represent a continuum of change within the central nervous system that involves both structural and functional changes within cortical motor and non-motor regions. Such changes are likely to be the result of more subtle changes along the entire neuroaxis which include, increased corticospinal excitability, reduced cortical inhibition, reduced interhemispheric inhibition, changes in voluntary activation and new regions of cortical activation. However, there is a need to widen the breadth of research by employing several neurophysiological techniques (together) to better understand the potential mechanisms mediating cross-education. This fundamental step is required in order to better prescribe targeted and effective guidelines for the clinical practice of cross-education. There is a need to determine whether similar cortical responses also occur in clinical populations where, perhaps, the benefits of cross-education could be best observed.
交叉训练描述了在单侧力量训练计划后，对未训练侧肢体力量的增强。自 1894 年发现以来，现在已有多项研究证实了交叉训练在涉及自愿动态收缩、离心收缩、电刺激、全身振动以及最近的镜像反馈训练等情况下的存在。尽管交叉训练的许多方面已经得到确立，但介导的神经机制仍不清楚。总的来说，本综述的研究结果表明，肌肉力量的交叉训练的神经适应很可能代表中枢神经系统内的连续变化，涉及皮质运动和非运动区域的结构和功能变化。这些变化很可能是整个神经轴上更微妙变化的结果，包括皮质脊髓兴奋性增加、皮质抑制减少、半球间抑制减少、自愿激活变化和皮质激活的新区域。然而，需要通过采用几种神经生理学技术（一起）来拓宽研究范围，以更好地理解介导交叉训练的潜在机制。为了更好地为交叉训练的临床实践制定有针对性和有效的指导方针，这是一个必要的基本步骤。需要确定在临床人群中是否也存在类似的皮质反应，因为在这些人群中，也许可以最好地观察到交叉训练的益处。
