Wilkins Chris, Lai Foon Yin, O'Brien Jake, Thai Phong, Mueller Jochen F
Drug Research Team Leader, SHORE & Whariki Research Centre, College of Health, Massey University.
Honorary Research Fellow, Marie Skłodowska-Curie Fellow (EU Commission), Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Australia; Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium.
N Z Med J. 2018 Jul 13;131(1478):12-20.
To compare levels of drug use in Auckland with four Australian major cities using wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE).
A week of daily wastewater samples were selected from two Auckland and eight Australian urban wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) during 2014 and 2015. Samples were analysed for drug residues using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Consumption of methamphetamine, methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), cocaine, codeine and methadone (mg/day/1,000 people) was estimated for each WWTP from mass loads using an internationally validated back-calculation formula.
Cocaine was not detected at either of the two Auckland WTTPs, and MDMA was detected on only one day of the sampled week in each of the Auckland WWTPs. In contrast, cocaine and MDMA was detected on every day at all eight Australian WWTPs. Methamphetamine was detected on every day at both the New Zealand and Australian WWTPs. Levels of methamphetamine consumption at the Auckland WWTPs were lower than five of the Australian WWTPs. Lower levels of codeine and methadone consumption were detected in Auckland than Australian sites.
MDMA and cocaine use is low in Auckland compared to sampled Australia cities. Both Auckland and the selected Australian cities have significant methamphetamine problems compared to many European cities.
采用基于污水的流行病学（WBE）方法比较奥克兰与四个澳大利亚主要城市的药物使用水平。
在2014年和2015年期间，从奥克兰的两个以及澳大利亚的八个城市污水处理厂（WWTPs）选取一周的每日污水样本。使用液相色谱 - 串联质谱法分析样本中的药物残留。利用国际验证的反推公式，根据质量负荷估算每个污水处理厂的甲基苯丙胺、亚甲基二氧甲基苯丙胺（摇头丸）、可卡因、可待因和美沙酮的消耗量（毫克/天/1000人）。
在奥克兰的两个污水处理厂均未检测到可卡因，且在奥克兰每个污水处理厂采样周中仅一天检测到摇头丸。相比之下，在澳大利亚所有八个污水处理厂每天都检测到可卡因和摇头丸。在新西兰和澳大利亚的污水处理厂每天都检测到甲基苯丙胺。奥克兰污水处理厂的甲基苯丙胺消费水平低于五个澳大利亚污水处理厂。在奥克兰检测到的可待因和美沙酮消费水平低于澳大利亚的污水处理厂。
与抽样的澳大利亚城市相比，奥克兰的摇头丸和可卡因使用量较低。与许多欧洲城市相比，奥克兰和选定的澳大利亚城市都存在严重的甲基苯丙胺问题。
