Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec), Überlandstrasse 133, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology (CEDAT), Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
J Environ Manage. 2018 Oct 1;223:898-907. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.06.100. Epub 2018 Jul 10.
Sanitation access in urban areas of low-income countries is provided through unstandardized onsite technologies containing accumulated faecal sludge. The demand for infrastructure to manage faecal sludge is increasing, however, no reliable method exists to estimate total accumulated quantities and qualities (Q&Q) This proposed approach averages out complexities to estimate conditions at a centralized to semi-centralized scale required for management and treatment technology solutions, as opposed to previous approaches evaluating what happens in individual containments. Empirical data, demographic data, and questionnaires were used in Kampala, Uganda to estimate total faecal sludge accumulation in the city, resulting in 270 L/cap∙year for pit latrines and 280 L/cap∙year for septic tanks. Septic tank sludge was more dilute than pit latrine sludge, however, public toilet was not a distinguishing factor. Non-household sources of sludge represent a significant fraction of the total and have different characteristics than household-level sludge. Income level, water connection, black water only, solid waste, number of users, containment volume, emptying frequency, and truck size were predictors of sludge quality. Empirical relationships such as a COD:TS of 1.09 ± 0.56 could be used for more resource efficient sampling campaigns. Based on this approach, spatially available demographic, technical and environmental (SPA-DET) data and statistical relationships between parameters could be used to predict Q&Q of faecal sludge.
在低收入国家的城市地区，环境卫生设施是通过含有累积粪便污泥的非标准化现场技术提供的。然而，对于管理粪便污泥的基础设施的需求正在增加，但是，目前还没有可靠的方法来估计总积累量和质量（Q&Q）。本研究提出的方法平均了管理和处理技术解决方案所需的集中式到半集中式规模的条件的复杂性，而不是以前的方法评估单个容器中发生的情况。在乌干达坎帕拉，使用实证数据、人口统计数据和问卷调查来估计城市中总粪便污泥的积累量，导致坑式厕所的粪便污泥积累量为 270 L/人·年，化粪池的粪便污泥积累量为 280 L/人·年。化粪池污泥比坑式厕所污泥稀释，但公共厕所不是一个区别因素。非家庭来源的污泥占总污泥的很大一部分，与家庭层面的污泥具有不同的特征。收入水平、水连接、仅黑水、固体废物、用户数量、容器体积、排空频率和卡车尺寸是污泥质量的预测因素。COD:TS 为 1.09±0.56 等经验关系可用于更具资源效率的采样活动。基于这种方法，可以利用空间上可用的人口统计、技术和环境（SPA-DET）数据以及参数之间的统计关系来预测粪便污泥的 Q&Q。
