Aiello E, Sleigh M
Cell Tissue Res. 1977 Mar 9;178(2):267-78. doi: 10.1007/BF00219053.
The palate epithelium of the frog was examined by scanning electron microscopy, light microscopy and high speed cine micrography. The cilia remain stationary for much of time in the end-of-effective stroke position. Each beat cycle begins with a forwardly-directed recovery stroke lasting about 60 ms, followed by an effective stroke towards the oesophagus lasting about 12 ms. Activity can often be correlated with the presence of mucus, which is carried as strands on the tips of the ciliary effective strokes whilst the recovery strokes move beneath the mucus. Coordination of ciliary activity was very variable; local antiplectic metachrony of the recovery strokes could almost always be seen, and on very active epithelia effective strokes were associated with approximately diaplectic waves (either to left or right), but any particular pattern of coordinated activity was transient and quickly transformed to another pattern. Beating and coordination of these short cilia were compared with those of cilia propelling water.
通过扫描电子显微镜、光学显微镜和高速电影显微摄影术对青蛙的腭上皮进行了检查。纤毛在有效摆动末期的大部分时间内保持静止。每个搏动周期开始于一个持续约60毫秒的向前恢复摆动，随后是一个朝向食管的持续约12毫秒的有效摆动。活动通常与黏液的存在相关，黏液以股状形式附着在纤毛有效摆动的尖端，而恢复摆动则在黏液下方移动。纤毛活动的协调性变化很大；几乎总能看到恢复摆动的局部反相相继发生，在非常活跃的上皮组织中，有效摆动与大致斜向波（向左或向右）相关，但任何特定的协调活动模式都是短暂的，很快就会转变为另一种模式。将这些短纤毛的摆动和协调性与推动水的纤毛进行了比较。
