Division of Periodontics, Section of Oral and Diagnostic Sciences, Columbia University, College of Dental Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK.
Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK; Department of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK.
Pharmacol Ther. 2018 Dec;192:170-187. doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.08.002. Epub 2018 Aug 3.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogenous population of vesicles originate from cells. EVs are found in different biofluids and carry different macromolecules, including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, providing a snap shot of the parental cells at the time of release. EVs have the ability to transfer molecular cargoes to other cells and can initiate different physiological and pathological processes. Mounting lines of evidence demonstrated that EVs' cargo and machinery is affected in disease states, positioning EVs as potential sources for the discovery of novel biomarkers. In this review, we demonstrate a conceptual overview of the EV field with particular focus on their nucleic acid cargoes. Current knowledge of EV subtypes, nucleic acid cargo and pathophysiological roles are outlined, with emphasis placed on advantages against competing analytes. We review the utility of EVs and their nucleic acid cargoes as biomarkers and critically assess the newly available advances in the field of EV biomarkers and high throughput technologies. Challenges to achieving the diagnostic potential of EVs, including sample handling, EV isolation, methodological considerations, and bioassay reproducibility are discussed. Future implementation of 'omics-based technologies and integration of systems biology approaches for the development of EV-based biomarkers and personalized medicine are also considered.
细胞外囊泡 (EVs) 是一种源自细胞的异质囊泡群体。EVs 存在于不同的生物体液中，并携带不同的大分子，包括蛋白质、脂质和核酸，提供了释放时母细胞的快照。EVs 能够将分子货物转移到其他细胞，并可以引发不同的生理和病理过程。越来越多的证据表明，EVs 的货物和机制在疾病状态下受到影响，使 EVs 成为发现新型生物标志物的潜在来源。在这篇综述中，我们展示了 EV 领域的概念概述，特别关注它们的核酸货物。概述了 EV 亚型、核酸货物和病理生理作用的现有知识，并强调了其相对于竞争分析物的优势。我们回顾了 EV 及其核酸货物作为生物标志物的用途，并批判性地评估了 EV 生物标志物领域和高通量技术中最新的进展。讨论了实现 EV 诊断潜力所面临的挑战，包括样品处理、EV 分离、方法学考虑因素和生物测定重现性。还考虑了基于组学技术的未来实施和系统生物学方法的整合，以开发基于 EV 的生物标志物和个性化医疗。
