Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Rue du Morvan, CS, 60027, 54519, Vandoeuvre Cedex, France.
Arch Toxicol. 2018 Sep;92(9):2749-2778. doi: 10.1007/s00204-018-2275-z. Epub 2018 Aug 10.
Organophosphate triesters (PEFRs) are used increasingly as flame retardants and plasticizers in a variety of applications, such as building materials, textiles, and electric and electronic equipment. They have been proposed as alternatives to brominated flame retardants. This updated review shows that biomonitoring has gained incrementally greater importance in evaluating human exposure to PEFRs, and it holds the advantage of taking into account the multiple potential sources and various intake pathways of PEFRs. Simultaneous and extensive internal exposure to a broad range of PEFRs have been reported worldwide. Their metabolites, mainly dialkyl or diaryl diesters, have been used as biomarkers of exposure and have been ubiquitously detected in the urine of adults and children in the general population. Concentrations and profiles of PEFR urinary metabolites are seen to be variable and are highly dependent on individual and environmental factors, including age, country regulation of flame retardants, and types and quantities of emissions in microenvironments, as well as analytical procedures. Additional large biomonitoring studies, using a broad range of urinary diesters and hydroxylated metabolites, would be useful to improve the validity of the biomarkers and to refine assessments of human exposure to PEFRs.
有机磷酸三酯（PEFRs）作为阻燃剂和增塑剂在各种应用中越来越多地使用，例如建筑材料、纺织品以及电气和电子设备。它们已被提议作为溴化阻燃剂的替代品。本更新综述表明，生物监测在评估人类接触 PEFRs 方面的重要性逐渐增加，并且它具有考虑到多种潜在来源和各种 PEFRs 摄入途径的优势。全球范围内报告了同时广泛的内部接触到广泛的 PEFRs。它们的代谢物，主要是二烷基或二芳基二酯，已被用作暴露的生物标志物，并且在一般人群的成人和儿童的尿液中普遍检测到。PEFR 尿液代谢物的浓度和分布被认为是可变的，并且高度依赖于个体和环境因素，包括年龄、阻燃剂的国家法规以及微环境中的排放类型和数量，以及分析程序。使用广泛的尿二酯和羟基化代谢物进行更多的大型生物监测研究，将有助于提高生物标志物的有效性，并完善对人类接触 PEFRs 的评估。
