Kier William M
Department of Zoology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27706.
J Morphol. 1982 May;172(2):179-192. doi: 10.1002/jmor.1051720205.
The arms and tentacles of squid (Family Loliginidae: Sepioteuthis sepioidea (Blainville), Loligo pealei (LeSueur), Loligo plei (Blainville), Loliguncula brevis (Blainville)) do not possess the hardened skeletal elements or fluid-filled cavities that typically provide skeletal support in other animals. Instead, these appendages are made up almost entirely of muscle. It is suggested here that the musculature serves as both the effector of movement and as the skeletal support system itself. High-speed movie recordings were used to observe prey capture by loliginid squid. Extension of the tentacles (1 pair) during prey capture is probably brought about by contraction of transverse muscle fibers and circular muscle fibers. Contraction of longitudinal muscle fibers causes retraction of the tentacles. Torsion of the tentacles during extension may be the result of contraction of muscle fibers arranged in a helical array. The inextensible but manipulative arms (4 pairs) may utilize a transverse muscle mass to resist the longitudinal compression caused by contraction of the longitudinal muscles which bend the arms. A composite connective tissue/muscle helical fiber array may twist the arms.
枪乌贼科（Sepioteuthis sepioidea (Blainville)、Loligo pealei (LeSueur)、Loligo plei (Blainville)、Loliguncula brevis (Blainville)）的鱿鱼的臂和触手没有那些通常在其他动物中提供骨骼支撑的硬化骨骼成分或充满液体的腔。相反，这些附肢几乎完全由肌肉组成。本文认为，肌肉组织既是运动的效应器，也是骨骼支撑系统本身。高速电影记录被用于观察枪乌贼科鱿鱼捕食猎物的过程。在捕食过程中，触手（1对）的伸展可能是由横向肌纤维和环形肌纤维的收缩引起的。纵向肌纤维的收缩导致触手缩回。触手伸展过程中的扭转可能是由呈螺旋状排列的肌纤维收缩所致。不可伸展但可操控的臂（4对）可能利用横向肌肉团来抵抗纵向肌肉收缩时产生的纵向压缩力，纵向肌肉收缩会使臂弯曲。一种复合结缔组织/肌肉螺旋纤维阵列可能会使臂扭转。
