Mikuz G
Institut für Pathologie, Universität Innsbruck, Müllerstraße 44, 6020, Innsbruck, Österreich.
Pathologe. 2018 Sep;39(5):415-423. doi: 10.1007/s00292-018-0474-2.
The most frequent anomaly of the urogenital tract is a simple renal ectopia with one organ lying in the pelvis. Crossed renal ectopia is a less common condition in which the ectopic kidney is located on the opposite side of the midline from the ureteral insertion in the urinary bladder. The cause of both types of renal ectopia is the arrest or failure of the kidney ascent from the pelvic to the lumbar position. Whereas an accelerated ascent leads to a subdiaphragmal or intrathoracic ectopic position, an ectopic ureter can be defined as one that does not drain into the trigonum vesicae. The ectopic orificium can be located situated in the bladder neck and urethra as well as somewhere in the genital area.Exstrophy of the urinary bladder is not a complete ectopia. Because the abdominal wall and the anterior part of the bladder wall are lacking, the bladder mucosa grows directly into the skin. The complex exstrophy of the bladder and intestine corresponds to a cloacal exstrophy, in which the bladder is split in two halves on either side of the gut portion. Testicular ectopia refers to the location of the testis in a position outside of its normal course of descent.Prostatic ectopia does not refer to the wrong location of the entire organ, but to a scattered group of prostate glands, which are mostly found in the submucosal part of the urinary bladder or proximal urethra. Other described locations are the intestinal wall, anus, pericolic fat tissue, spleen, seminal vesicle, testis, and cervix uteri.The associated ectopic penis, scrotum, and penoscrotal transposition are the least common and probably the absolutely most unknown malformations of the male genitalia. The ectopic penis and scrotum are located in the perineum, whereas in the transposition the penis lies above the scrotum.
泌尿生殖道最常见的异常是单纯性肾异位，即一个器官位于盆腔内。交叉性肾异位是一种较罕见的情况，异位肾位于膀胱输尿管插入点中线的对侧。这两种类型肾异位的原因都是肾脏从盆腔向腰部位置上升过程中的停滞或失败。而上升加速会导致膈下或胸腔内异位，异位输尿管可定义为不排入膀胱三角区的输尿管。异位开口可位于膀胱颈、尿道以及生殖器区域的某处。膀胱外翻并非完全性异位。由于腹壁和膀胱壁前部缺失，膀胱黏膜直接生长于皮肤表面。膀胱和肠道的复杂外翻相当于泄殖腔外翻，其中膀胱在肠道部分两侧被分为两半。睾丸异位是指睾丸位于其正常下降路径之外的位置。前列腺异位并非指整个器官位置错误，而是指散在的前列腺组织群，大多见于膀胱黏膜下层或近端尿道。其他已描述的位置包括肠壁、肛门、结肠周围脂肪组织、脾脏、精囊、睾丸和子宫颈。相关的异位阴茎、阴囊和阴茎阴囊转位是男性生殖器最不常见且可能绝对最不为人知的畸形。异位阴茎和阴囊位于会阴，而在转位中阴茎位于阴囊上方。
