Department of River Ecology and Conservation, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Clamecystr. 12, 63571, Gelnhausen, Germany.
Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology in Agriculture and College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 2019 Apr;94(2):368-387. doi: 10.1111/brv.12458. Epub 2018 Aug 22.
Species reintroductions - the translocation of individuals to areas in which a species has been extirpated with the aim of re-establishing a self-sustaining population - have become a widespread practice in conservation biology. Reintroduction projects have tended to focus on terrestrial vertebrates and, to a lesser extent, fishes. Much less effort has been devoted to the reintroduction of invertebrates into restored freshwater habitats. Yet, reintroductions may improve restoration outcomes in regions where impoverished regional species pools limit the self-recolonisation of restored freshwaters. We review the available literature on macroinvertebrate reintroductions, focusing on identifying the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that determine their success or failure. Our study reveals that freshwater macroinvertebrate reintroductions remain rare, are often published in the grey literature and, of the attempts made, approximately one-third fail. We identify life-cycle complexity and remaining stressors as the two factors most likely to affect reintroduction success, illustrating the unique challenges of freshwater macroinvertebrate reintroductions. Consideration of these factors by managers during the planning process and proper documentation - even if a project fails - may increase the likelihood of successful outcomes in future reintroduction attempts of freshwater macroinvertebrates.
物种再引入——将个体转移到一个物种已经灭绝的地区，目的是重新建立一个自我维持的种群——已成为保护生物学中广泛应用的一种做法。再引入项目往往侧重于陆地脊椎动物，在较小程度上也涉及鱼类。而对于将无脊椎动物重新引入到恢复的淡水生境中，则投入的精力要少得多。然而，在那些因区域物种贫乏而限制了恢复淡水的自我再殖民化的地区，再引入可能会改善恢复的结果。我们回顾了有关大型无脊椎动物再引入的现有文献，重点确定了决定其成败的内在和外在因素。我们的研究表明，淡水大型无脊椎动物的再引入仍然很少见，通常发表在灰色文献中，而且在已经尝试的案例中，大约有三分之一失败了。我们确定生命周期的复杂性和剩余的胁迫因素是最有可能影响再引入成功的两个因素，这说明了淡水大型无脊椎动物再引入所面临的独特挑战。在规划过程中，管理者考虑这些因素，并进行适当的记录——即使项目失败——也可能增加未来淡水大型无脊椎动物再引入尝试取得成功的可能性。
