Drug resistance-associated mutations in antiretroviral treatment-naïve and -experienced patients in Kuwait.

The identification of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) mutations leading to drug resistance enables patient-specific adaptation of the treatment regimen and predicts the risk of transmission of drug-resistant HIV. In this study, we report for the first time the prevalence in Kuwait of non-polymorphic resistance-associated mutations (RAMs) in patients under first-line antiretroviral therapy. Viral RNA was extracted from plasma samples of 64 treatment-naïve (untreated) and 64 treatment-experienced patients. The HIV-1 load was determined by real-time RT-PCR. The protease- and reverse transcriptase-encoding regions were analyzed by subtyping, and for drug resistance. The HIV-1 load at sampling in treatment-naïve patients ranged from 1.61 x 104 to 1.91 x 106 copies/ml, whereas that in treatment-experienced patients ranged from bitors (PIs) and NNRTIs. These results necessitate efforts to be made for reducing emergence of resistance-associated mutations in treated patients, and highlight the need for continuous monitoring of drug resistance patterns in Kuwait.